1. grep最简单的使用方法,匹配一个词:grep word filename
2. 可以从多个文件中匹配:grep word filename1 filenam2 filename3
3. 可以使用正则表达式匹配:grep -E pattern f1 f2 f3...
4. 可以使用-o只打印匹配的字符,如下所示:
[email protected]:command$ echo this is a line. | grep -E -o "[a-z]*\." line.
5. 打印除匹配行之外的其他行,使用-v
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1\n2\n3\n4" | grep -v -E "[1-2]" 3 4
6. 统计匹配字符串的行数,使用-c
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222" | grep -E "[1-2]" -c 2
7. 如果我们统计字符串模式匹配的次数,可以结合-o和-c,如下:
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222" | grep -o -E "[1-2]" | wc -l 8
8. 如果需要显示行号,可以打开-n,如下:
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222\n33333\n44444" | grep -n -E "3" 3:33333
9. -b选项可以打印出匹配的字符串想对于其所在的行起始位置的偏移量(从0开始),通常配合-o使用,如下:
[email protected]:command$ echo "0123456789" | grep -b -o 4 4:4
10. 当字符串在多个文件中匹配时,-l选项将只打印文件名
11. -L与-l相对,只打印不匹配的文件名
[email protected]:command$ cat test1.txt linux is fun [email protected]:command$ cat test2.txt a very popular os, linux [email protected]:command$ cat test3.txt what the fxxk [email protected]:command$ grep -l linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test1.txt test2.txt [email protected]:command$ grep -L linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test3.txt
12. 打开递归搜索功能
[email protected]:command$ grep -n -R linux . ./test2.txt:5:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux
13. 忽略大小写:-i
[email protected]:command$ echo "HELLO WORLD" | grep -i "hello" HELLO WORLD
14. 匹配多个字符串模式
[email protected]:command$ echo "This is a line." | grep -e "This" -e "is" -e "line" -o This is line
15. 用单独的文件提供匹配样式,每个匹配的样式作为一行,如下例所示:
[email protected]:command$ cat pattern.txt 1$ 2 3 [email protected]:command$ cat num.txt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [email protected]:command$ grep -f pattern.txt num.txt 1 2 3
16. 打印匹配行上下文信息,使用 -A n打印匹配行及其后n行信息;使用-B n打印匹配行及其前n行信息;使用 -C n,打印匹配行及其前后n行信息;如果有多重匹配,将使用--隔离。示例如下:
[email protected]:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -A 3 5 6 7 8 [email protected]:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -B 3 2 3 4 5 [email protected]:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -C 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [email protected]:command$ echo -e "a\nb\nc\nd\na\nb\nc\nd\n" | grep a -A 2 a b c -- a b c
17. 使用-q进入静默模式,该模式下,grep命令运行目的仅仅是执行一个条件测试,通常在脚本中使用。通过检查其返回值进行下一步操作。示例如下:
[email protected]:command$ cat tmp.txt hello world [email protected]:command$ cat tmp.csh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then echo "Usage: $0 match_pattern file_name" exit fi match=$1 file=$2 grep -q $match $file if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then echo "$match not exist in $file" else echo "$match exist in $file" fi [email protected]:command$ ./tmp.csh hello tmp.txt hello exist in tmp.txt
18. -Z选项在输出匹配文件名时将以/0结尾配合xargs -0可以发挥很多作用,例如删除匹配某个模式的文件如下:
[email protected]:command$ ls -llrt total 28 -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 13 Nov 1 20:38 test1.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 27 Nov 1 20:39 test2.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 14 Nov 1 20:39 test3.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 21 Nov 1 20:45 num.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 7 Nov 1 20:45 pattern.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 12 Nov 1 21:25 tmp.txt -rwxr-xr-x 1 lichao lichao 217 Nov 1 21:27 tmp.csh [email protected]:command$ cat test1.txt linux is fun [email protected]:command$ cat test2.txt a very popular os, linux [email protected]:command$ grep "linux" * -lZ | xargs -0 rm [email protected]:command$ ls num.txt pattern.txt test3.txt tmp.csh tmp.txt
以上命令将包含linux字符串的test1.txt和test2.txt删除。
19. 排除/包括文件或者目录:1)--include *{.c,.cpp} 只在目录中搜索.c和.cpp文件;2)--exclude "README" 排除所有README文件 3) --include-dir 仅在某些目录中搜索 4) --exclude-dir 排除某些目录 5) --exclude-from FILE 从文件FILE中读取需要排除的文件列表
[email protected]:test$ ls dir1 dir2 exclude.config test1.txt test2.doc test3.word [email protected]:test$ cat test1.txt linux is fun [email protected]:test$ cat test2.doc wonderful os, linux [email protected]:test$ cat test3.word wonderful os, linux [email protected]:test$ ls dir1/ test1.txt test2.doc test3.word [email protected]:test$ ls dir2/ test1.txt test2.doc test3.word [email protected]:test$ cat exclude.config *.txt [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux ./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir1/test3.word:3:linux ./dir1/test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --include *.txt --include *.doc ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux ./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir1/test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude *.txt --eclude *.doc grep: unrecognized option '--eclude' Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]... Try 'grep --help' for more information. [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude *.txt --exclude *.doc ./test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir1/test3.word:3:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-dir dir1 ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-dir dir1 --exclude-dir dir2 ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-from exclude.config ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir1/test3.word:3:linux
已上即为grep常用的选项。
注意:转载请注明出处。