使用帮助函数创建链接
MVC提供一些帮助函数创建链接,这些函数根据路径映射表自动调整生成的URL:
说明 | 示例 | 输出结果 |
应用程序相对URL | Url.Content("~/Content/Site.css") | /Content/Site.css |
到控制器action的链接 | Html.ActionLink("My Link", "Index", "Home") | <a href="/">My Link</a> |
Action的URL | Url.Action("GetPeople", "People") | /People/GetPeople |
使用路径映射的URL | Url.RouteUrl(new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"}) | /People/GetPeople |
使用路径映射的链接 |
Html.RouteLink("My Link", new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"}) |
<a href="/People/GetPeople">My Link</a> |
命名路径映射的链接 |
Html.RouteLink("My Link", "FormRoute", new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"}) |
<a href="/app/forms/People/GetPeople">My Link</a> |
使用MVC Unobtrusive Ajax
MVC内建基于jQuery的unobtrusive Ajax的支持,之所以称之为unobtrusive Ajax是因为不像常规Ajax那样大量使用XML。要使用unobtrusive Ajax,首先需要在web.config的 configuration/appSettings一节开启UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled支持:
... <configuration> <!-- other elements omitted for brevity --> <appSettings> <add key="webpages:Version" value="2.0.0.0" /> <add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" /> <add key="PreserveLoginUrl" value="true" /> <add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" /> <add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="true" /> </appSettings> <!-- other elements omitted for brevity --> </configuration> ...
同时我们需要引用相关的javascript文件,可以把对这些脚本文件的引用放到布局文件_layout.cshtml中:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <title>@ViewBag.Title</title> <link href="~/Content/Site.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </head> <body> @RenderBody() </body> </html>
jquery-1.7.1.min.js为jQuery的核心库,jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js则提供Ajax功能(基于jquery库),文件名中的.min表示几乎不可能调试的缩减版本,可以在开发时使用非.min版本,发布时再采用.min版本。
使用Unobtrusive Ajax表单
下面以实例演示如何使用Ajax表单,从控制器开始:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Mvc; using HelperMethods.Models; namespace HelperMethods.Controllers { public class PeopleController : Controller { private Person[] personData = { new Person {FirstName = "Adam", LastName = "Freeman", Role = Role.Admin}, new Person {FirstName = "Steven", LastName = "Sanderson", Role = Role.Admin}, new Person {FirstName = "Jacqui", LastName = "Griffyth", Role = Role.User}, new Person {FirstName = "John", LastName = "Smith", Role = Role.User}, new Person {FirstName = "Anne", LastName = "Jones", Role = Role.Guest} }; public ActionResult Index() { return View(); } public PartialViewResult GetPeopleData(string selectedRole = "All") { IEnumerable<Person> data = personData; if (selectedRole != "All") { Role selected = (Role)Enum.Parse(typeof(Role), selectedRole); data = personData.Where(p => p.Role == selected); } return PartialView(data); } public ActionResult GetPeople(string selectedRole = "All") { return View((object)selectedRole); } } }
GetPeopleData()方法根据选择的角色过滤Person列表,返回一个分部视图,对应的GetPeopleData.cshtml:
@using HelperMethods.Models @model IEnumerable<Person> @foreach (Person p in Model) { <tr> <td>@p.FirstName</td> <td>@p.LastName</td> <td>@p.Role</td> </tr> }
在Getpeople视图中我们调用GetPeopleData()同时创建一个Ajax form:
@using HelperMethods.Models @model string @{ ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople"; AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions { UpdateTargetId = "tableBody" }; } <h2>Get People</h2> <table> <thead><tr><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Role</th></tr></thead> <tbody id="tableBody"> @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model }) </tbody> </table> @using (Ajax.BeginForm("GetPeopleData", ajaxOpts)) { <div> @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))))) <button type="submit">Submit</button> </div> }
Ajax.BeginForm()创建一个Ajax form,使用AjaxOptions对象作为参数,生成的HTML结果:
... <form action="/People/GetPeopleData" data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody"id="form0" method="post"> ...
浏览器请求GetPeople页面时jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js扫描data-ajax=true的单元,以此确认这是一个ajax的表单,点击提交时不刷新整个页面,而是用从/people/getpeopledata返回的结果替换tablebody的内容。
Ajax options
AjaxOptions控制向服务器异步请求时的方式,包含这些属性:
属性 | 说明 |
Confirm | 在开始异步请求时向用户显示一条消息以确认 |
HttpMethod | 设置请求的HTTP方法,必须是get或者post |
InsertionMode | 如何嵌入服务器结果返回的HTML,可以是InsertAfter、InsertBefore、Replace(默认) |
LoadingElementId | 指定Ajax请求时要显示的Loading单元元素ID |
LoadingElementDuration | Loading元素动画显示的时长 |
UpdateTargetId | 请求返回结果要插入的元素ID |
Url | Ajax表单提交的URL |
上面的GetPeople视图Ajax form提交的URL是/People/GetPeopleData,如果用户禁止了java脚本,提交form返回的结果会只是GetPeopleData分部视图,我们可以直接在ajaxOptions指定ajax请求的URL来解决:
@using HelperMethods.Models @model string @{ ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople"; AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions { UpdateTargetId = "tableBody", Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData"), LoadingElementId = "loading", LoadingElementDuration = 1000, Confirm = "Do you wish to request new data?" }; } <h2>Get People</h2> <div id="loading" class="load" style="display:none"> <p>Loading Data...</p> </div> <table> <thead><tr><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Role</th></tr></thead> <tbody id="tableBody"> @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model }) </tbody> </table> @using (Ajax.BeginForm(ajaxOpts)) { <div> @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList( new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))))) <button type="submit">Submit</button> </div> }
生成的表单HTML:
... <form action="/People/GetPeople"data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody" data-ajax-url="/People/GetPeopleData"id="form0" method="post"> ...
这样表单提交的URL依然是/People/GetPeople,即使禁止了java脚本返回的仍然是GetPeople页面,ajax请求的URL通过data-ajax-url指定为/People/GetPeopleData。我们还设置 AjaxOptions.LoadingElementId为Loading,这是一个diplay:none风格的DIV元素,它只在AJAX异步请求时显示一秒钟(LoadingElementDuration = 1000)。AjaxOptions.Confirm= "Do you wish to request new data?" ,在每次Ajax请求时都会弹出网页Message对话框询问(对话框消息为这里设定的"Do you wish to request new data?")。
Ajax链接
上面的例子中我们使用表单提交数据,如果是使用链接做ajax异步请求可以这样操作:
... <div> @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) { <div class="ajaxLink"> @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeopleData", new {selectedRole = role}, new AjaxOptions {UpdateTargetId = "tableBody"}) </div> } </div> ...
这里对role枚举中每个元素生成一个链接,生成的链接元素类似:
... <a data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody" href="/People/GetPeopleData?selectedRole=Guest">Guest</a> ...
点击某个链接时ajax返回的HTML数据会用于替换tableBody元素,和使用表单提交ajax请求效果一样。同样如果禁用了java脚本,返回的结果会只是getpeopledata分部视图,我们可以这样改进:
<div> @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) { <div class="ajaxLink"> @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeople", new {selectedRole = role}, new AjaxOptions { UpdateTargetId = "tableBody", Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData", new {selectedRole = role}) }) </div> } </div>
链接请求的地址是GetPeople,Ajax请求的URL则仅是GetPeopleData,请求的HTML结果作用于tablebody。
Ajax回调
AjaxOptions类暴露一组属性允许我们指定一个java脚本函数,在ajax请求周期中调用这些脚本函数:
属性 | jQuery事件 | 说明 |
OnBegin | beforeSend | 在Ajax请求发送前调用 |
OnComplete | complete | 请求成功时调用 |
OnFailure | error | 请求失败时调用 |
OnSuccess | success | 无论请求成功与否都在请求完成时调用 |
结合回调函数我们可以对上面的例子进一步修改,首先修改控制器的GetPeopleData方法:
public ActionResult GetPeopleData(string selectedRole = "All") { IEnumerable<Person> data = personData; if (selectedRole != "All") { Role selected = (Role)Enum.Parse(typeof(Role), selectedRole); data = personData.Where(p => p.Role == selected); } if (Request.IsAjaxRequest()) { var formattedData = data.Select(p => new { FirstName = p.FirstName, LastName = p.LastName, Role = Enum.GetName(typeof(Role), p.Role) }); return Json(formattedData, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet); } else { return PartialView(data); } }
我们使用Request.IsAjaxRequest判断请求是否来自于ajax,它的依据是浏览器在ajax请求时在头中会包含X-Requested-With=XMLHttpRequest。如果请求来自于ajax,控制器方法返回的是Json(data, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet)创建的JsonResult对象,默认JSON数据只在POST请求中发送,这里在第二个参数中指定JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet允许在GET请求中使用JSON数据。MVC框架负责对formattedData做json封装,封装的格式由MVC尝试使用最适宜的方法确定,这里返回的JSON数据类似:
... {"PersonId":0,"FirstName":"Adam","LastName":"Freeman", "BirthDate":"\/Date(62135596800000)\/","HomeAddress":null,"IsApproved":false,"Role":0} ...
视图中我们在AjaxOptions的OnSucess回调函数中处理返回的JSON数据:
@using HelperMethods.Models @model string @{ ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople"; AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions { //UpdateTargetId = "tableBody", Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData"), LoadingElementId = "loading", LoadingElementDuration = 1000, OnSuccess = "processData" }; } <script type="text/javascript"> function processData(data) { var target = $("#tableBody"); target.empty(); for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { var person = data[i]; target.append("<tr><td>" + person.FirstName + "</td><td>" + person.LastName + "</td><td>" + person.Role + "</td></tr>"); } } </script> <h2>Get People</h2> <div id="loading" class="load" style="display: none"> <p>Loading Data...</p> </div> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>First</th> <th>Last</th> <th>Role</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody id="tableBody"> @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model }) </tbody> </table> @using (Ajax.BeginForm(ajaxOpts)) { <div> @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList( new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))))) <button type="submit">Submit</button> </div> } <div> @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) { <div class="ajaxLink"> @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeople", new { selectedRole = role }, new AjaxOptions { Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = role }), OnSuccess = "processData" }) </div> } </div>
脚本函数processData在AjaxOptions的OnSuccess回调时调用,它负责处理请求返回的JSON数据,从中分拆出各个Person对象,根据这些数据直接改写tableBody标签的内容,因此我们不再需要在AjaxOptions通过UpdateTargetId指定要替换内容的元素。
以上为对《Apress Pro ASP.NET MVC 4》第四版相关内容的总结,不详之处参见原版 http://www.apress.com/9781430242369。