*** 约束保证数据的完整性和一致性
*** 约束分为表级约束和列级约束
*** 约束类型包括:
NOT NULL(非空约束)
PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)
UNIQUE KEY(唯一约束)
DEFAULT(默认约束)
FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)
1.外键约束的要求解析
*** 父表和子表必须使用相同的存储引擎,而且禁止使用临时表。
*** 数据表的存储引擎只能为InnoDB。
*** 外键列和参照列必须具有相似的数据类型。其中数字的长度或是否有符号位必须相同;而字符的长度则可以不同。
主键是默认自带索引的 而外键列创建时一般参照的是带有主键那一列 因此如果外键列没有创建索引的话就会被MYSQL根据参照列的索引创建一个索引
*** 外键列是不可以以一个没有索引的列作为参照列的
1.参照列必须要创建一个索引(如果用的是主键默认自带索引 所以不用创建)
2.外键列随意 如果不创建索引会被创建
【1】编辑数据表的默认存储引擎,配置文件/etc/my.cnf
[mysqld] default-storage-engine=INNODB
【2】 创建省份数据表,查看存储引擎
mysql> USE test; mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL -> ); mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE provinces; +-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Table | Create Table | +-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | tb0 | CREATE TABLE `provinces` ( `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `pname` varchar(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
【3】创建用户数据表,其中外键列必须和参照列必须有相似的数据类型
mysql> CREATE TABLE users( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED, -> FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) -> );
- 注意:其中有外键列的users表为子表,有参照列id列provinces为父表
- 创建主键时自动创建索引,查看父表自动创建的1个索引
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: provinces Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARY Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified
- 若外键列没有索引,自动创建:
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARY Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: users Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified
2.外键约束的参照操作
*** cascade :从父表删除或更新且自动删除或更新子表中匹配的行
*** set null :从父表删除或更新行,并设置子表中的外键列为NULL。如果使用该选项,必须保证子表列没有指定NOT NULL
*** restrict :拒绝对父表的删除或更新操作
*** no action :标准的SQL的关键词,在MySQL中与restrict相同
CASCADE例:
mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL -> ); mysql> CREATE TABLE users1( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED, -> FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) ON DELETE CASCADE -> ); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES(‘Tom‘); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES(‘John‘); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES(‘Driver‘); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Huang‘,2); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Li‘,3); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Pan‘,3); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘He‘,1); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Long‘,2); mysql> SELECT * FROM users1; +----+----------+------+ | id | username | pid | +----+----------+------+ | 1 | Huang | 2 | | 2 | Li | 3 | | 5 | Pan | 3 | | 6 | He | 1 | | 7 | Long | 2 | +----+----------+------+ mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces; +----+--------+ | id | pname | +----+--------+ | 1 | Tom | | 2 | John | | 3 | Driver | +----+--------+ mysql> DELETE FROM provinces WHERE id=3; mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces; +----+-------+ | id | pname | +----+-------+ | 1 | Tom | | 2 | John | +----+-------+ mysql> SELECT * FROM users1; +----+----------+------+ | id | username | pid | +----+----------+------+ | 1 | Huang | 2 | | 6 | He | 1 | | 7 | Long | 2 | +----+----------+------+
3.表级约束和列级约束
*** 对一个数据列建立的约束,称为列级约束
*** 对多个数据列建立的约束,称为表级约束
*** 列级约束既可以在列定义时声明,也可以在列定义后声明
*** 表级约束只能在列定以后声明
4.修改数据表
添加单列
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
- 例:
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- 添加age列到最后一列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 10; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- 添加password列到username列的后面:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD password VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL AFTER username; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | | password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- 添加truename列到第一列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD truename VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL FIRST; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | truename | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | | | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | | password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
删除列:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name(数据表名称) DROP [COLUMN] col_name(列名)
- 例,删除truename列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 DROP truename; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | | password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
同时删除age和password列,(也可同时增加删除)用逗号分割:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 DROP age,DROP password; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
添加 / 删除主键约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...) //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP PRIMARY KEY //删除
添加 / 删除唯一约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...) //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name //删除
添加 / 删除外键约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...) reference_definition //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol //删除
添加 / 删除默认约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal|DROP DEFAULT} //添加 mysql> ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER age DROP DEFAULT; //删除
添加主键约束:创建users2数据表,增加id列,设置id列为主键:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users2( -> username VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED -> ); mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD id SMALLINT UNSIGNED; mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT pk_users2_id PRIMARY KEY (id); mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | username | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | | | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 删除主键约束:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
添加唯一约束:添加username列为唯一约束:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT OK_users2_username UNIQUE KEY (username);
- 删除唯一约束:
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users2\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 0 Key_name: OK_users2_username Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: username Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP INDEX OK_users2_username; mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users2\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 添加外键约束:添加pid列为外键列,provincse数据表中的id为参照列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id);
- 删除外键约束:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE users2; +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | users2 | CREATE TABLE `users2` ( `username` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL, `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘0‘, `age` tinyint(4) NOT NULL, KEY `pid` (`pid`), CONSTRAINT `users2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP FOREIGN KEY users2_ibfk_1;
- 添加默认约束:添加age列,设置age列默认15
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD age TINYINT NOT NULL; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ALTER age SET DEFAULT 15; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | 15 | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
- 删除默认值:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ALTER age DROP DEFAULT; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
修改列定义:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
修改列名称(不能随便更改):
ALTER TABLE tbl_name CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_dufinition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
修改数据表名字(不能随便更改):
- 方法一:
ALTER TABLE old_tbl_name RENAME new_tbl_name
方法二:
RENAME TABLE old_tbl_name TO new_tbl_name [,tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2]...