python内部自带了一个单元测试的模块，pyUnit也就是我们说的：unittest
1、介绍下unittest的基本使用方法：
1）import unittest
2）定义一个继承自unittest.TestCase的测试用例类
3）定义setUp和tearDown，在每个测试用例前后做一些辅助工作。
4）定义测试用例，名字以test开头。
5）一个测试用例应该只测试一个方面，测试目的和测试内容应很明确。主要是调用assertEqual、assertRaises等断言方法判断程序执行结果和预期值是否相符。
6）调用unittest.main()启动测试
7）如果测试未通过，会输出相应的错误提示。如果测试全部通过则不显示任何东西，这时可以添加-v参数显示详细信息。
2、 下面是unittest模块的常用方法：
assertEqual(a, b) a == b
assertNotEqual(a, b) a != b
assertTrue(x) bool(x) is True
assertFalse(x) bool(x) is False
assertIs(a, b) a is b 2.7
assertIsNot(a, b) a is not b 2.7
assertIsNone(x) x is None 2.7
assertIsNotNone(x) x is not None 2.7
assertIn(a, b) a in b 2.7
assertNotIn(a, b) a not in b 2.7
assertIsInstance(a, b) isinstance(a, b) 2.7
assertNotIsInstance(a, b) not isinstance(a, b) 2.7
下面看具体的代码应用：
首先写了一个简单应用：
import random
import unittest
class TestSequenceFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.seq = range(10)
def test_shuffle(self):
# make sure the shuffled sequence does not lose any elements
random.shuffle(self.seq)
self.seq.sort()
self.assertEqual(self.seq, range(10))
# should raise an exception for an immutable sequence
self.assertRaises(TypeError, random.shuffle, (1,2,3))
def test_choice(self):
element = random.choice(self.seq)
self.assertTrue(element inself.seq)
def test_error(self):
element = random.choice(self.seq)
self.assertTrue(element not in self.seq)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
unittest.main()
下面是写了一个简单的应用，测试下面4个网址返回的状态码是否是200。
import unittest
import urllib
class TestUrlHttpcode(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
urlinfo = [‘http://www.baidu.com‘,‘http://www.163.com‘,‘http://www.sohu.com‘,‘http://www.cnpythoner.com‘]
self.checkurl = urlinfo
def test_ok(self):
for m in self.checkurl:
httpcode = urllib.urlopen(m).getcode()
self.assertEqual(httpcode,200)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
unittest.main()
如果有的网址打不开，返回404的话,测试则会报错
如果有的网址打不开，返回404的话,测试则会报错
ERROR: test_ok (__main__.TestUrlHttpcode)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "jay.py", line 12, in test_ok
httpcode = urllib.urlopen(m).getcode()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 86, in urlopen
return opener.open(url)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 207, in open
return getattr(self, name)(url)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 462, in open_file
return self.open_local_file(url)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib.py", line 476, in open_local_file
raise IOError(e.errno, e.strerror, e.filename)
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘fewfe.com‘
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 1.425s
FAILED (errors=1)
3也有其他的unittest方法，用于执行更具体的检查，如：
Method Checks that New in
assertAlmostEqual(a, b) round(a-b, 7) == 0
assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b) round(a-b, 7) != 0
assertGreater(a, b) a > b 2.7
assertGreaterEqual(a, b) a >= b 2.7
assertLess(a, b) a < b 2.7
assertLessEqual(a, b) a <= b 2.7
assertRegexpMatches(s, re) regex.search(s) 2.7
assertNotRegexpMatches(s, re) not regex.search(s) 2.7
assertItemsEqual(a, b) sorted(a) == sorted(b) and works with unhashable objs 2.7
assertDictContainsSubset(a, b) all the key/value pairs in a exist in b 2.7
assertMultiLineEqual(a, b) strings 2.7
assertSequenceEqual(a, b) sequences 2.7
assertListEqual(a, b) lists 2.7
assertTupleEqual(a, b) tuples 2.7
assertSetEqual(a, b) sets or frozensets 2.7
assertDictEqual(a, b) dicts 2.7
assertMultiLineEqual(a, b) strings 2.7
assertSequenceEqual(a, b) sequences 2.7
assertListEqual(a, b) lists 2.7
assertTupleEqual(a, b) tuples 2.7
assertSetEqual(a, b) sets or frozensets 2.7
assertDictEqual(a, b) dicts 2.7
通过以上介绍的unittest模块方法，我们可以根据实际情况来设计自己的单元测试。