一、用户认证
用户认证功能就是在用户访问网站的时候,需要输入用户名密码才能进行访问。一些比较好总要的站点和网站后台都会加上用户认证,以保证安全。
实例:下面对zlinux.com
站点来做一个全站的用户认证:
步骤1:编辑虚拟主机配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf //在linuxtest.com虚拟主机下编辑添加以下内容
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/data/wwwroot/123test"
ServerName linuxtest.com
<Directory /data/wwwroot/123test> //指定认证的目录
AllowOverride AuthConfig //这个相当于打开认证的开关
AuthName "linuxtest.com user auth" //自定义认证的名字,作用不大
AuthType Basic //认证的类型,一般为Basic
AuthUserFile /data/.htpasswd //指定密码文件所在位置
require valid-user //指定需要认证的用户为全部可用用户
</Directory>
ErrorLog "logs/dummy-host2.example.com-error_log"
CustomLog "logs/dummy-host2.example.com-access_log" common
步骤2:创建密码
在创建密码文件先要了解htpasswd命令:
htpasswd命令是Apache的Web服务器内置工具,用于创建和更新储存用户名、域和用户基本认证的密码文件。
语法:htpasswd [选项] [参数]
选项:
-c:=create,创建一个加密文件
-n:不更新加密文件,只将更新后的用户名密码显示在屏幕上
-m:使用MD5算法对密码进行加密(默认)
-d:使用CRYPT算法对密码进行加密
-p:不对密码进行加密,即明文密码
-s:使用SHA算法对密码进行加密
-b:在命令行一并输入用户名和密码,而不是根据提示输入密码
-D:删除指定用户
下面创建密码文件:
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/htpasswd -cm /data/.htpasswd zlinux // -c 表示创建 -m 指定MD5加密 指定所在位置 如果再次增加用户可以不用-c选项,-c是首次创建文件使用的,,否则/data/.htpasswd会被重置,之前用户被清空
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user zlinux
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl graceful
步骤3:测试用户认证是否启用
在浏览器中测试,需要修改下windows下hosts文件,把linuxtest.com
域名指向Linux机器:
使用curl
进行测试:
[[email protected] ~]# curl -x 192.168.204.128:80 linuxtest.com -I
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized //说明:因为生成了密码,所以在不指定用户名和密码的情况下会报401错误
Date: Fri, 02 Mar 2018 09:59:05 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Unix) PHP/5.6.30
WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="linuxtest.com user auth"
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
[[email protected] ~]# curl -x 192.168.204.128:80 -uzlinux:passwd linuxtest.com -I //使用-u指定用户名和密码
HTTP/1.1 200 OK //状态码“200”,即访问成功
Date: Fri, 02 Mar 2018 10:00:34 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Unix) PHP/5.6.30
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.6.30
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
步骤4:单个文件进行认证
在配置文件中添加以下类似内容(根据自己的目录修改):
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/data/wwwroot/123test"
ServerName linuxtest.com
<FilesMatch admin.php> //针对文件,这里针对admin.php
AllowOverride AuthConfig
AuthName "123.com user auth"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile /data/.htpasswd
require valid-user
</FilesMatch>
</VirtualHost>
二、配置域名跳转
域名跳转类似于将网页重新指向另一个网站,但区别是域名跳转会将域名本身重新指向网站,而不使用HTML或脚本来进行重新指向。当域名被设置为跳转至另一网站,域名的地址将不会保留在浏览器的URL栏中,该栏显示的会是新页面的URL。如果您希望保留该栏中的URL,则需要使用隐形跳转。
下面做个实例,把www.linuxtestbak.com
域名跳转到linuxtest.com
:
步骤1:修改虚拟主机配置文件
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/data/wwwroot/123test"
ServerName linuxtest.com
ServerAlias www.linuxtestbak.com
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c> //需要mod_rewrite模块支持
RewriteEngine on //打开rewrite功能
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^linuxtest.com$ //定义rewrite的条件,主机名(域名)不是linuxtest.com满足条件
RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ http://linuxtest.com/$1 [R=301,L] //定义rewrite规则:当满足上面条件时才执行当前规则,即跳转到linuxtest.com。301表示永久跳转;302表示临时跳转。
</IfModule>
# <Directory /data/wwwroot/123test>
# AllowOverride AuthConfig
# AuthName "linuxtest.com user auth"
# AuthType Basic
# AuthUserFile /data/.htpasswd
# require valid-user
# </Directory>
ErrorLog "logs/dummy-host2.example.com-error_log"
CustomLog "logs/dummy-host2.example.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>
步骤2:修改httpd.conf文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so //去掉#,以启用这个模块
步骤3:测试
[[email protected] ~]# curl -x 192.168.204.128:80 www.linuxtestbak.com -I
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Date: Fri, 02 Mar 2018 10:53:51 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Unix) PHP/5.6.30
Location: http://linuxtest.com/
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl graceful
使用浏览器(hosts需要修改),访问www.linuxtestbak.com
会直接跳转到linuxtest.com
三、配置访问日志
1、Apache访问日志所在位置:
[[email protected] ~]# ls /usr/local/apache2/logs/
123test-access_log abstest-error_log dummy-host2.example.com-error_log error_log
123test-error_log access_log dummy-host.example.com-access_log httpd.pid
abctest-access_log dummy-host2.example.com-access_log dummy-host.example.com-error_log
[[email protected] ~]# cat /usr/local/apache2/logs/123test-access_log //common格式日志
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:06:28 +0800] "HEAD HTTP://linuxtestbak.com/ HTTP/1.1" 301 -
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:07:51 +0800] "GET HTTP://linuxtest.com/ HTTP/1.1" 200 28
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:09:05 +0800] "HEAD HTTP://www.linuxtestbak.com/ HTTP/1.1" 301 -
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:10:55 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:11:08 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28
2、查看日志格式
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf //搜索LogFormat
<IfModule log_config_module>
#
# The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
# a CustomLog directive (see below).
#
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common
说明:combined和common两种格式,默认使用common格式。
3、更改日志的格式为combined
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
ErrorLog "logs/123test-error_log"
CustomLog "logs/123test-access_log" combined
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl graceful
4,做一些访问操作之后,再查看日志。
[[email protected] ~]# cat /usr/local/apache2/logs/123test-access_log
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:06:28 +0800] "HEAD HTTP://linuxtestbak.com/ HTTP/1.1" 301 -
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:07:51 +0800] "GET HTTP://linuxtest.com/ HTTP/1.1" 200 28
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:09:05 +0800] "HEAD HTTP://www.linuxtestbak.com/ HTTP/1.1" 301 -
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:10:55 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:11:08 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:16 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.186 Safari/537.36"
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:19 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.186 Safari/537.36"
192.168.204.1 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:27 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.186 Safari/537.36"
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:39 +0800] "HEAD HTTP://www.linuxtestbak.com/ HTTP/1.1" 301 - "-" "curl/7.29.0"
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:45 +0800] "HEAD HTTP://www.linuxtestbak.com/ HTTP/1.1" 301 - "-" "curl/7.29.0"
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:54 +0800] "GET HTTP://linuxtest.com/ HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "curl/7.29.0"
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:57 +0800] "GET HTTP://linuxtest.com/ HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "curl/7.29.0"
192.168.204.128 - - [02/Mar/2018:19:20:58 +0800] "GET HTTP://linuxtest.com/ HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "curl/7.29.0"
日志格式变化很明显。
原文地址:http://blog.51cto.com/3069201/2080163