Scrapy框架

一、中间件

class SpiderMiddleware(object):

    def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
        """
        下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
        :param response:
        :param spider:
        :return:
        """
        pass

    def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
        """
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
        """
        异常调用
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
        """
        return None

    def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
        """
        爬虫启动时调用
        :param start_requests:
        :param spider:
        :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
        """
        return start_requests

爬虫中间件

class DownMiddleware1(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        """
        请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
        :param request:
        :param spider:
        :return:
            None,继续后续中间件去下载；
            Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
            Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
            raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
        """
        pass

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return:
            Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
            Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
            raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
        """
        print(‘response1‘)
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        """
        当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return:
            None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
            Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
            Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
        """
        return None

下载中间件

二、自定制命令

• 在spiders同级创建任意目录，如：commands
• 在其中创建 crawlall.py 文件 （此处文件名就是自定义的命令）
  
  

  from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
      from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
  
      class Command(ScrapyCommand):
  
          requires_project = True
  
          def syntax(self):
              return ‘[options]‘
  
          def short_desc(self):
              return ‘Runs all of the spiders‘
  
          def run(self, args, opts):
              spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
              for name in spider_list:
                  self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
              self.crawler_process.start()

  crawlall.py

• 在settings.py 中添加配置 COMMANDS_MODULE = ‘项目名称.目录名称‘
• 在项目目录执行命令：scrapy crawlall

三、自定义扩展

　　自定义扩展时，利用信号在指定位置注册制定操作

from scrapy import signals

class MyExtension(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        val = crawler.settings.getint(‘MMMM‘)
        ext = cls(val)

        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)

        return ext

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print(‘open‘)

    def spider_closed(self, spider):
        print(‘close‘)

四、避免重复

　　scrapy默认使用 scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter 进行去重，相关配置有：

DUPEFILTER_CLASS = ‘scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter‘
DUPEFILTER_DEBUG = False
JOBDIR = "保存范文记录的日志路径，如：/root/"  # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen

class RepeatUrl:
    def __init__(self):
        self.visited_url = set()

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        """
        初始化时，调用
        :param settings:
        :return:
        """
        return cls()

    def request_seen(self, request):
        """
        检测当前请求是否已经被访问过
        :param request:
        :return: True表示已经访问过；False表示未访问过
        """
        if request.url in self.visited_url:
            return True
        self.visited_url.add(request.url)
        return False

    def open(self):
        """
        开始爬去请求时，调用
        :return:
        """
        print(‘open replication‘)

    def close(self, reason):
        """
        结束爬虫爬取时，调用
        :param reason:
        :return:
        """
        print(‘close replication‘)

    def log(self, request, spider):
        """
        记录日志
        :param request:
        :param spider:
        :return:
        """
        print(‘repeat‘, request.url)

自定义去重