Description
N (2 <= N <= 8,000) cows have unique brands in the range 1..N. In a spectacular display of poor judgment, they visited the neighborhood ‘watering hole‘ and drank a few too many beers before dinner. When it was time to line up for their evening meal, they did
not line up in the required ascending numerical order of their brands.
Regrettably, FJ does not have a way to sort them. Furthermore, he‘s not very good at observing problems. Instead of writing down each cow‘s brand, he determined a rather silly statistic: For each cow in line, he knows the number of cows that precede that cow
in line that do, in fact, have smaller brands than that cow.
Given this data, tell FJ the exact ordering of the cows.
Input
* Line 1: A single integer, N
* Lines 2..N: These N-1 lines describe the number of cows that precede a given cow in line and have brands smaller than that cow. Of course, no cows precede the first cow in line, so she is not listed. Line 2 of the input describes the number of preceding cows
whose brands are smaller than the cow in slot #2; line 3 describes the number of preceding cows whose brands are smaller than the cow in slot #3; and so on.
Output
* Lines 1..N: Each of the N lines of output tells the brand of a cow in line. Line #1 of the output tells the brand of the first cow in line; line 2 tells the brand of the second cow; and so on.
最近学了一下线段树，把基本题目都做了一下，但是一直都没有时间来总结一下，所以现在抽空总结了一下。
这道题的题意大致是：
有N头奶牛，编号为1~N，乱序排成一列，现在已知每头牛前面有多少头牛比它的编号小，求排队后从前往后数，每头牛的编号。
注意因为第一头牛前面肯定只有0头牛比它的编号小，那么题目这里没有给出，所以我们要自己加上去。
一开始没想到要怎么用线段树，看了一下题解后，然后懂了。
首先我们从后往前扫描，然后遇到数字a，就说明它是原先剩余序列中第a+1个数，找到该编号后删除，然后继续重复上述的操作。那么哪里用到了线段树呢？找的过程要用到线段树，看一个区间内未被删除的数字个数能否满足使当前要找的数成为第a+1个，能则递归左子树，否则递归右子树，那么叶子节点的值就是其初始编号。
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#define maxn 10000
int small[maxn],ans[maxn]; //ans是用来存储结果的；
struct node{
int lc,rc,len;
}s[4*maxn];
void build(int root,int lc,int rc){
s[root].lc=lc;
s[root].rc=rc;
s[root].len=rc-lc+1;
if(lc==rc) return ;
build(2*root,lc,(lc+rc)/2);
build(2*root+1,(lc+rc)/2+1,rc);
}
int query(int root,int k){
s[root].len--;
if(s[root].lc==s[root].rc)return s[root].lc;
else if(s[2*root].len>=k) return query(root*2,k);
else return query(root*2+1,k-s[root*2].len);<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>//询问右边的区间时，要减去左边的区间长度。
}
int main(){
int n;
scanf("%d",&n);
for(int i=2;i<=n;i++) scanf("%d",&small[i]);
small[1]=0;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>//注意这里，这是代表是第1头牛，它前面只有0头牛比它小。
build(1,1,n);
for(int i=n;i>=1;i--){
ans[i]=query(1,small[i]+1);
}
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) printf("%d\n",ans[i]);
}