netns 可以创建一个完全隔离的新网络环境,这个环境包括一个独立的网卡空间,路由表,ARP表,ip地址表,iptables等。总之,与网络有关的组件都是独立的。
创建网络空间:
# ip netns add ns1
查看网络空间:
# ip netns list
删除网络空间:
# ip netns del ns1
进入网络空间执行命令:
# ip netns exec ns1 `command`
实例一:
用netns连接两个隔离环境中的虚拟机,如图:
在虚拟化中有两个虚拟机网络隔离环境需要通信。
系统: centos7.2 x64
安装程序包 # yum install bridge-utils libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer net-tools -y # brctl addbr br0 # brctl addbr br1 # ifconfig br0 up # ifconfig br1 up
取消默认nat网络模式 # mv /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml_bak # systemctl start libvirtd
创建虚拟机并连接至br0 # virt-install --name vm1 --ram 512 --vcpus=1 --disk /images/linux/cirros-0.3.5-i386-disk-1.img --network bridge=br0,model=virtio --force --import --nographics --serial=pty --console=pty 打开第二个终端创建第二个虚拟机并连接至br1 # virt-install --name vm2 --ram 512 --vcpus=1 --disk /images/linux/cirros-0.3.5-i386-disk-2.img --network bridge=br1,model=virtio --force --import --nographics --serial=pty --console=pty # brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.fe54007e1861 no vnet0 br1 8000.fe5400be1885 no vnet1
到此,虚拟机已经连接上各自的桥设备了。完成如图:
创建虚拟网络空间: # ip netns add ns1 # ip netns list ns1
接下来创建一张虚拟网卡,虚拟网卡分为前半段和后半段,我们将前半段添加到br0中,并将后半段添加到虚拟网络空间中,这样br0桥设备中主机就能够连接到虚拟网络空间中。
# ip link add net-in type veth peer name net-out # ifconfig net-in up # ifconfig net-out up
将net-in虚拟网卡添加到br0中,将net-out虚拟网卡添加到ns1中
# brctl addif br0 net-in 查看是否添加成功 # brctl show br0 bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.46c7e9d2c0fa no net-in vnet0
将net-out添加到ns1中,并重命名为eth0 # ip link set dev net-out name eth0 netns ns1
查看是否添加成功 # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig -a eth0: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether a2:07:dc:ba:35:a2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=8<LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig lo up
现在vm1 --> br0 --> ns1 网络做通了,完成如下图:
同理,和上面操作一样。
# ip link add net1-in type veth peer name net1-out # ifconfig net1-in up # ifconfig net1-out up # brctl addif br1 net1-in # brctl show br1 bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br1 8000.1291a963b290 no net1-in vnet1 # ip link set dev net1-out name eth1 netns ns1 # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig -a eth0: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether a2:07:dc:ba:35:a2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 eth1: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 02:d4:3c:7d:3b:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host> loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ip地址配置如下:
vm1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.2
ns1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.1
vm2 - eth0 : 172.168.10.2
ns1 - eth0 : 172.168.10.1
记住:当宿主机开启了网络转发功能,虚拟网络空间才会开启,在以上场景中,必须开启网络转发功能。
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
vm1 - eth0 网络配置如下:
# ifconfig lo up # ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2/24 up # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:7E:18:61 inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:fe7e:1861/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:648 (648.0 B) TX bytes:168 (168.0 B) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
ns1 - eth0 网络配置如下:
# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig lo up # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1/24 up # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth0 eth0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether a2:07:dc:ba:35:a2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
vm2 - eth0 网络配置如下:
# ifconfig lo up # ifconfig eth0 172.168.10.2/24 up # ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:BE:18:85 inet addr:172.168.10.2 Bcast:172.168.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0 inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:febe:1885/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:648 (648.0 B) TX bytes:168 (168.0 B)
ns1 - eth1 网络配置如下:
# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth1 172.168.10.1/24 up # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth1 eth1: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 172.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.168.10.255 ether 02:d4:3c:7d:3b:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
为虚拟机指定路由:
vm1 : # ping 192.168.1.1 -c1 PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.811 ms --- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.811/0.811/0.811 ms # ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
注意:如果ping不通,请检查链路上的网卡状态是否是up状态。
vm2 : # ping 172.168.10.1 -c1 PING 172.168.10.1 (172.168.10.1): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 172.168.10.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=2.385 ms --- 172.168.10.1 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 2.385/2.385/2.385 ms 添加默认路由 # ip route add default via 172.168.10.1
接下来,使用ping测试。
vm1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.2 --> ns1 - eth1 : 172.168.10.1 # ping 172.168.10.1 -c1 PING 172.168.10.1 (172.168.10.1): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 172.168.10.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.426 ms --- 172.168.10.1 ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.426/0.426/0.426 ms 能够达到ns1 eth1网卡,说明ns1从eth0 - 192.168.10.1 转发到了 172.168.10.1 vm1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.2 --> vm2 - eth0 : 172.168.10.2
这样,就完成了在宿主机中,两个虚拟主机隔离模式的通信。
实例二:
说明:宿主机中两组隔离模型,其中只有一组可以访问公网
接下来,在模式一的基础上进行修改:
# ip netns del ns1
删除虚拟网络空间模式,所有和虚拟网络空间有关的虚拟网卡都会被删除。
现在的模式如下:
vm1: 192.168.1.2/24
vm2: 192.168.1.2/24
ns1: 192.168.1.1/24
这里故意把vm1和vm2的ip设置为一样,方便我们进行测试。
添加虚拟网络空间 # ip netns add ns1 # ip link add net-in type veth peer name net-out # ifconfig net-in up # ifconfig net-out up
添加net-in到br0,添加net-out到虚拟网络空间ns1 # brctl addif br0 net-in # ip link set dev net-out name eth0 netns ns1 为ns1启动网卡并配置ip地址 # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig lo up # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
为vm1配置网关为192.168.1.1
创建桥设备,并将物理网卡添加到桥设备中,这里建议直接修改物理网卡配置文件
cp -a ifcfg-eno16777736 ifcfg-br-out # vim ifcfg-eno16777736 TYPE=Ethernet BOOTPROTO=none DEFROUTE=yes PEERDNS=yes PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=no NAME=eno16777736 UUID=100e462e-c0d0-4271-9b5a-1c8e47ff0d03 DEVICE=eno16777736 ONBOOT=yes BRIDGE=br-out # vim ifcfg-br-out TYPE=Bridge BOOTPROTO=none DEFROUTE=yes PEERDNS=yes PEERROUTES=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=no NAME=br-out DEVICE=br-out ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=10.0.0.11 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=10.0.0.1 DNS1=10.0.0.1 DNS2=114.114.114.114 重启下网络 # systemctl restart network 物理网卡添加成功 # brctl show br-out bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br-out 8000.000c2923e15d no eno16777736
现在创建一对网卡,连接ns1和br-out
# ip link add net1-in type veth peer name net1-out # ifconfig net1-in up # ifconfig net1-out up # ip link set dev net1-in name eth1 netns ns1 # brctl addif br-out net1-out # brctl show br-out bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br-out 8000.000c2923e15d no eno16777736 net1-out
我真实局域网的ip为10.0.0.0/24
因此添加到ns1中的eth1要配置到同网段
# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth1 10.0.0.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
能够到达网关了。
已实现如下:
在ns1中添加源地址转换
# ip netns exec ns1 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 ! -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to-source 10.0.0.12 # ip netns exec ns1 ip route default via 10.0.0.1
再次通过vm1 ping 公网ip
这样就实现了宿主机内部分网络中的主机可以访问公网,部分主机没有访问公网权限。
总之,网络逻辑很重要。