Java容器使用总结

Collection

├List

│├LinkedList

│├ArrayList

│└Vector

│　└Stack

├Queue

│├Deque

│└LinkedList

└Set

├SortedSet

├TreeSet

└HashSet

Map

├Hashtable

├HashMap

└WeakHashMap

Collection接口

　　Collection是最基本的集合接口，一个Collection代表一组Object，即Collection的元素（Elements）。一些 Collection允许相同的元素而另一些不行。一些能排序而另一些不行。Java SDK不提供直接继承自Collection的类，Java SDK提供的类都是继承自Collection的“子接口”如List和Set。

　　所有实现Collection接口的类都必须提供两个标准的构造函数：无参数的构造函数用于创建一个空的Collection，有一个 Collection参数的构造函数用于创建一个新的Collection，这个新的Collection与传入的Collection有相同的元素。后一个构造函数允许用户复制一个Collection。

　　如何遍历Collection中的每一个元素？不论Collection的实际类型如何，它都支持一个iterator()的方法，该方法返回一个迭代子，使用该迭代子即可逐一访问Collection中每一个元素。典型的用法如下：

　　　　Iterator it = collection.iterator(); // 获得一个迭代子

　　　　while(it.hasNext()) {

　　　　　　Object obj = it.next(); // 得到下一个元素

　　　　}

　　由Collection接口派生的两个接口是List和Set。

List接口

　　List是有序的Collection，使用此接口能够精确的控制每个元素插入的位置。用户能够使用索引（元素在List中的位置，类似于数组下标）来访问List中的元素，这类似于Java的数组。

和下面要提到的Set不同，List允许有相同的元素。

　　除了具有Collection接口必备的iterator()方法外，List还提供一个listIterator()方法，返回一个 ListIterator接口，和标准的Iterator接口相比，ListIterator多了一些add()之类的方法，允许添加，删除，设定元素，还能向前或向后遍历。

　　实现List接口的常用类有LinkedList，ArrayList，Vector和Stack。

LinkedList类

　　LinkedList实现了List接口，允许null元素。此外LinkedList提供额外的get，remove，insert方法在 LinkedList的首部或尾部。这些操作使LinkedList可被用作堆栈（stack），队列（queue）或双向队列（deque）。

　　注意LinkedList没有同步方法。如果多个线程同时访问一个List，则必须自己实现访问同步。一种解决方法是在创建List时构造一个同步的List：

　　　　List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));

ArrayList类

　　ArrayList实现了可变大小的数组。它允许所有元素，包括null。ArrayList没有同步。

size，isEmpty，get，set方法运行时间为常数。但是add方法开销为分摊的常数，添加n个元素需要O(n)的时间。其他的方法运行时间为线性。

　　每个ArrayList实例都有一个容量（Capacity），即用于存储元素的数组的大小。这个容量可随着不断添加新元素而自动增加，但是增长算法并没有定义。当需要插入大量元素时，在插入前可以调用ensureCapacity方法来增加ArrayList的容量以提高插入效率。

　　和LinkedList一样，ArrayList也是非同步的（unsynchronized）。

Vector类

　　Vector非常类似ArrayList，但是Vector是同步的。由Vector创建的Iterator，虽然和ArrayList创建的 Iterator是同一接口，但是，因为Vector是同步的，当一个Iterator被创建而且正在被使用，另一个线程改变了Vector的状态（例如，添加或删除了一些元素），这时调用Iterator的方法时将抛出ConcurrentModificationException，因此必须捕获该异常。

Stack 类

　　Stack继承自Vector，实现一个后进先出的堆栈。Stack提供5个额外的方法使得Vector得以被当作堆栈使用。基本的push和pop 方法，还有peek方法得到栈顶的元素，empty方法测试堆栈是否为空，search方法检测一个元素在堆栈中的位置。Stack刚创建后是空栈。

Set接口

　　Set是一种不包含重复的元素的Collection，即任意的两个元素e1和e2都有e1.equals(e2)=false，Set最多有一个null元素。

　　很明显，Set的构造函数有一个约束条件，传入的Collection参数不能包含重复的元素。

　　请注意：必须小心操作可变对象（Mutable Object）。如果一个Set中的可变元素改变了自身状态导致Object.equals(Object)=true将导致一些问题。

Map接口

　　请注意，Map没有继承Collection接口，Map提供key到value的映射。一个Map中不能包含相同的key，每个key只能映射一个 value。Map接口提供3种集合的视图，Map的内容可以被当作一组key集合，一组value集合，或者一组key-value映射。

Hashtable类

　　Hashtable继承Map接口，实现一个key-value映射的哈希表。任何非空（non-null）的对象都可作为key或者value。

　　添加数据使用put(key, value)，取出数据使用get(key)，这两个基本操作的时间开销为常数。

Hashtable通过initial capacity和load factor两个参数调整性能。通常缺省的load factor 0.75较好地实现了时间和空间的均衡。增大load factor可以节省空间但相应的查找时间将增大，这会影响像get和put这样的操作。

使用Hashtable的简单示例如下，将1，2，3放到Hashtable中，他们的key分别是”one”，”two”，”three”：

　　　　Hashtable numbers = new Hashtable();

　　　　numbers.put(“one”, new Integer(1));

　　　　numbers.put(“two”, new Integer(2));

　　　　numbers.put(“three”, new Integer(3));

　　要取出一个数，比如2，用相应的key：

　　　　Integer n = (Integer)numbers.get(“two”);

　　　　System.out.println(“two = ” + n);

　　由于作为key的对象将通过计算其散列函数来确定与之对应的value的位置，因此任何作为key的对象都必须实现hashCode和equals方法。hashCode和equals方法继承自根类Object，如果你用自定义的类当作key的话，要相当小心，按照散列函数的定义，如果两个对象相同，即obj1.equals(obj2)=true，则它们的hashCode必须相同，但如果两个对象不同，则它们的hashCode不一定不同，如果两个不同对象的hashCode相同，这种现象称为冲突，冲突会导致操作哈希表的时间开销增大，所以尽量定义好的hashCode()方法，能加快哈希表的操作。

　　如果相同的对象有不同的hashCode，对哈希表的操作会出现意想不到的结果（期待的get方法返回null），要避免这种问题，只需要牢记一条：要同时复写equals方法和hashCode方法，而不要只写其中一个。

　　Hashtable是同步的。

HashMap类

　　HashMap和Hashtable类似，不同之处在于HashMap是非同步的，并且允许null，即null value和null key。，但是将HashMap视为Collection时（values()方法可返回Collection），其迭代子操作时间开销和HashMap 的容量成比例。因此，如果迭代操作的性能相当重要的话，不要将HashMap的初始化容量设得过高，或者load factor过低。

WeakHashMap类

　　WeakHashMap是一种改进的HashMap，它对key实行“弱引用”，如果一个key不再被外部所引用，那么该key可以被GC回收。

总结

　　如果涉及到堆栈，队列等操作，应该考虑用List，对于需要快速插入，删除元素，应该使用LinkedList，如果需要快速随机访问元素，应该使用ArrayList。

　　如果程序在单线程环境中，或者访问仅仅在一个线程中进行，考虑非同步的类，其效率较高，如果多个线程可能同时操作一个类，应该使用同步的类。

　　要特别注意对哈希表的操作，作为key的对象要正确复写equals和hashCode方法。

　　尽量返回接口而非实际的类型，如返回List而非ArrayList，这样如果以后需要将ArrayList换成LinkedList时，客户端代码不用改变。这就是针对抽象编程。

比较

①Vector和ArrayList

Vector的方法都是同步的(Synchronized),是线程安全的(thread-safe)，而ArrayList的方法不是，由于线程的同步必然要影响性能，因此,ArrayList的性能比Vector好。

当Vector或ArrayList中的元素超过它的初始大小时,Vector会将它的容量翻倍,而ArrayList只增加50%的大小，这样,ArrayList就有利于节约内存空间。

②Hashtable和HashMap

它们的性能方面的比较类似 Vector和ArrayList，比如Hashtable的方法是同步的,而HashMap的不是。

③ArrayList和LinkedList

对于处理一列数据项,Java提供了两个类ArrayList和LinkedList,ArrayList的内部实现是基于内部数组Object[],所以从概念上讲,它更象数组，但LinkedList的内部实现是基于一组连接的记录,所以,它更象一个链表结构，所以,它们在性能上有很大的差别。

List用法

List<ElemType> L = new ArrayList<ElemType>();

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`add(E e)` Appends the specified element to the end of this list (optional operation).
`void`	`add(int index, E element)` Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list (optional operation).
`boolean`	`addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)` Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection‘s iterator (optional operation).
`boolean`	`addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)` Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list at the specified position (optional operation).
`void`	`clear()` Removes all of the elements from this list (optional operation).
`boolean`	`contains(Object o)` Returns `true` if this list contains the specified element.
`boolean`	`containsAll(Collection<?> c)` Returns `true` if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection.
`boolean`	`equals(Object o)` Compares the specified object with this list for equality.
`E`	`get(int index)` Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
`int`	`hashCode()` Returns the hash code value for this list.
`int`	`indexOf(Object o)` Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
`boolean`	`isEmpty()` Returns `true` if this list contains no elements.
`Iterator<E>`	`iterator()` Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
`int`	`lastIndexOf(Object o)` Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
`ListIterator<E>`	`listIterator()` Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
`ListIterator<E>`	`listIterator(int index)` Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
`E`	`remove(int index)` Removes the element at the specified position in this list (optional operation).
`boolean`	`remove(Object o)` Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present (optional operation).
`boolean`	`removeAll(Collection<?> c)` Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation).
`boolean`	`retainAll(Collection<?> c)` Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation).
`E`	`set(int index, E element)` Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element (optional operation).
`int`	`size()` Returns the number of elements in this list.
`List<E>`	`subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)` Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified `fromIndex`, inclusive, and `toIndex`, exclusive.
`Object[]`	`toArray()` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).
`<T> T[]`	`toArray(T[] a)` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.

Set用法

Set<ElemType> S = new HashSet<ElemType>();

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`add(E e)` Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present (optional operation).
`boolean`	`addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)` Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this set if they‘re not already present (optional operation).
`void`	`clear()` Removes all of the elements from this set (optional operation).
`boolean`	`contains(Object o)` Returns `true` if this set contains the specified element.
`boolean`	`containsAll(Collection<?> c)` Returns `true` if this set contains all of the elements of the specified collection.
`boolean`	`equals(Object o)` Compares the specified object with this set for equality.
`int`	`hashCode()` Returns the hash code value for this set.
`boolean`	`isEmpty()` Returns `true` if this set contains no elements.
`Iterator<E>`	`iterator()` Returns an iterator over the elements in this set.
`boolean`	`remove(Object o)` Removes the specified element from this set if it is present (optional operation).
`boolean`	`removeAll(Collection<?> c)` Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation).
`boolean`	`retainAll(Collection<?> c)` Retains only the elements in this set that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation).
`int`	`size()` Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
`Object[]`	`toArray()` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this set.
`<T> T[]`	`toArray(T[] a)` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this set; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.

Iterator用法：

List<Integer> L = new ArrayList<Integer>();

Iterator<Integer> i = L.iterator();

Modifier and Type Method and Description

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`hasNext()` Returns `true` if the iteration has more elements.
`E`	`next()` Returns the next element in the iteration.
`void`	`remove()` Removes from the underlying collection the last element returned by this iterator (optional operation).

boolean

hasNext()

Returns true if the iteration has more elements.

E

next()

Returns the next element in the iteration.

void

remove()

Removes from the underlying collection the last element returned by this iterator (optional operation).

ListIterator用法：

List<Integer> L = new ArrayList<Integer>();

ListIterator<Integer> i = L.listIterator(0);

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`void`	`add(E e)` Inserts the specified element into the list (optional operation).
`boolean`	`hasNext()` Returns `true` if this list iterator has more elements when traversing the list in the forward direction.
`boolean`	`hasPrevious()` Returns `true` if this list iterator has more elements when traversing the list in the reverse direction.
`E`	`next()` Returns the next element in the list and advances the cursor position.
`int`	`nextIndex()` Returns the index of the element that would be returned by a subsequent call to`next()`.
`E`	`previous()` Returns the previous element in the list and moves the cursor position backwards.
`int`	`previousIndex()` Returns the index of the element that would be returned by a subsequent call to`previous()`.
`void`	`remove()` Removes from the list the last element that was returned by `next()` or `previous()` (optional operation).
`void`	`set(E e)` Replaces the last element returned by `next()` or `previous()` with the specified element (optional operation).

List和数组互相转化：

Integer nums1[] = {1,2,3,4,5};

Integer nums2[] = new Integer[4];

//复制数组

System.arraycopy(nums1, 1, nums2, 0, 4);

//数组转List

List<Integer> L = new ArrayList<Integer>();

L = Arrays.asList(nums2);

//List转数组

Integer nums3[] = L.toArray(new Integer[0]);

Map用法：

Map<String, Integer> m = new HashMap<String, Integer>();

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`void`	`clear()` Removes all of the mappings from this map (optional operation).
`boolean`	`containsKey(Object key)` Returns `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
`boolean`	`containsValue(Object value)` Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
`Set<Map.Entry<K,V>>`	`entrySet()` Returns a `Set` view of the mappings contained in this map.
`boolean`	`equals(Object o)` Compares the specified object with this map for equality.
`V`	`get(Object key)` Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.
`int`	`hashCode()` Returns the hash code value for this map.
`boolean`	`isEmpty()` Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.
`Set<K>`	`keySet()` Returns a `Set` view of the keys contained in this map.
`V`	`put(K key, V value)` Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map (optional operation).
`void`	`putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)` Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map (optional operation).
`V`	`remove(Object key)` Removes the mapping for a key from this map if it is present (optional operation).
`int`	`size()` Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
`Collection<V>`	`values()` Returns a `Collection` view of the values contained in this map.

Vector用法：

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`add(E e)` Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector.
`void`	`add(int index, E element)` Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this Vector.
`boolean`	`addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)` Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this Vector, in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection‘s Iterator.
`boolean`	`addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)` Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this Vector at the specified position.
`void`	`addElement(E obj)` Adds the specified component to the end of this vector, increasing its size by one.
`int`	`capacity()` Returns the current capacity of this vector.
`void`	`clear()` Removes all of the elements from this Vector.
`Object`	`clone()` Returns a clone of this vector.
`boolean`	`contains(Object o)` Returns `true` if this vector contains the specified element.
`boolean`	`containsAll(Collection<?> c)` Returns true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the specified Collection.
`void`	`copyInto(Object[] anArray)` Copies the components of this vector into the specified array.
`E`	`elementAt(int index)` Returns the component at the specified index.
`Enumeration<E>`	`elements()` Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector.
`void`	`ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)` Increases the capacity of this vector, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of components specified by the minimum capacity argument.
`boolean`	`equals(Object o)` Compares the specified Object with this Vector for equality.
`E`	`firstElement()` Returns the first component (the item at index `0`) of this vector.
`E`	`get(int index)` Returns the element at the specified position in this Vector.
`int`	`hashCode()` Returns the hash code value for this Vector.
`int`	`indexOf(Object o)` Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element.
`int`	`indexOf(Object o, int index)` Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, searching forwards from `index`, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
`void`	`insertElementAt(E obj, int index)` Inserts the specified object as a component in this vector at the specified `index`.
`boolean`	`isEmpty()` Tests if this vector has no components.
`Iterator<E>`	`iterator()` Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
`E`	`lastElement()` Returns the last component of the vector.
`int`	`lastIndexOf(Object o)` Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element.
`int`	`lastIndexOf(Object o, int index)` Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, searching backwards from `index`, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
`ListIterator<E>`	`listIterator()` Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
`ListIterator<E>`	`listIterator(int index)` Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
`E`	`remove(int index)` Removes the element at the specified position in this Vector.
`boolean`	`remove(Object o)` Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this Vector If the Vector does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
`boolean`	`removeAll(Collection<?> c)` Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.
`void`	`removeAllElements()` Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.
`boolean`	`removeElement(Object obj)` Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument from this vector.
`void`	`removeElementAt(int index)` Deletes the component at the specified index.
`protected void`	`removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)` Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between `fromIndex`, inclusive, and `toIndex`, exclusive.
`boolean`	`retainAll(Collection<?> c)` Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection.
`E`	`set(int index, E element)` Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the specified element.
`void`	`setElementAt(E obj, int index)` Sets the component at the specified `index` of this vector to be the specified object.
`void`	`setSize(int newSize)` Sets the size of this vector.
`int`	`size()` Returns the number of components in this vector.
`List<E>`	`subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)` Returns a view of the portion of this List between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
`Object[]`	`toArray()` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the correct order.
`<T> T[]`	`toArray(T[] a)` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
`String`	`toString()` Returns a string representation of this Vector, containing the String representation of each element.
`void`	`trimToSize()` Trims the capacity of this vector to be the vector‘s current size.

Stack用法：

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`empty()` Tests if this stack is empty.
`E`	`peek()` Looks at the object at the top of this stack without removing it from the stack.
`E`	`pop()` Removes the object at the top of this stack and returns that object as the value of this function.
`E`	`push(E item)` Pushes an item onto the top of this stack.
`int`	`search(Object o)` Returns the 1-based position where an object is on this stack.

Queue用法：

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`add(E e)` Inserts the specified element into this queue if it is possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning `true` upon success and throwing an `IllegalStateException` if no space is currently available.
`E`	`element()` Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of this queue.
`boolean`	`offer(E e)` Inserts the specified element into this queue if it is possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions.
`E`	`peek()` Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of this queue, or returns `null` if this queue is empty.
`E`	`poll()` Retrieves and removes the head of this queue, or returns `null` if this queue is empty.
`E`	`remove()` Retrieves and removes the head of this queue.

参考资料：

1 http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/15/3000913.html

2 http://www.cnblogs.com/sunliming/archive/2011/04/05/2005957.html

3 Java帮助文档

时间： 2024-11-02 22:13:19

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