3.修改约束
3.1给约束命名
按如下格式命名:
name CHAR(30) CONSTRAINT NameIsKey PRIMARY KEY
gender CHAR(1) CONSTRAINT NoAndro CHECK (gender IN (‘F‘,‘M‘))
CONSTRAINT RightTitle CHECK (gender = ‘F‘ or name NOT LIKE ‘Ms.%‘)
3.2 修改表上的约束
①修改约束的检查时间
SET CONSTRAINT MyConstraint DEFERRED;
SET CONSTRAINT MyConstraint IMMEDIATE;
②用ALTER TABLE语句
删除约束 DROP
ALTER TABLE MovieStar DROP CONSTRAINT NameIsKey; ALTER TABLE MovieStar DROP CONSTRAINT NoAndro; ALTER TABLE MovieStar DROP CONSTRAINT RightTitle;
添加约束 ADD(注意,约束必须是要整个表遵守时才加)
ALTER TABLE MovieStar ADD CONSTRAINT NameIsKey PRIMARY KEY(name); ALTER TABLE MovieStar ADD CONSTRAINT NoAndro CHECK (gender IN (‘F‘,‘M‘)); ALTER TABLE MovieStar ADD CONSTRAINT RightTitle CHECK (gender = ‘F‘ OR name NOT LIKE ‘Ms.%‘);
注意:SQL不会记住已经删除的约束,所以如果要添加之前删除的约束必须重新写一遍。
四、断言
1.创建断言
CREATE ASSERTION 断言名 CHECK (条件)
2.使用断言
CREATE ASSERTION RichPres CHECK (NOT EXISTS (SELECT Studio.name FROM Studio, MovieExec WHERE presC# = cert# AND netWorth < 1000000 ) );
上面的断言不允许资金小于1000000的经理。
CREATE ASSERTION SumLength CHECK (10000 >= ALL (SELECT SUM(length) FROM Movies GROUP BY studioName) );
上面的断言不允许电影公司的电影总长度超过10000分钟。
如果这个语句用CHECK约束写,是
CHECK ( 10000 >= ALL (SELECT SUM(length) FROM Movies GROUP BY studioName));
断言和CHECK的区别:
CHECK只在插入和修改时有效,但对删除不做检查,在有些情况下会导致约束不成立。
断言则在任何提及的关系改变时都会检查,确保条件成立。
3.删除断言
DROP ASSERTION 断言名
五、触发器
当特定事件发生时,触发器被激活。如果状态满足触发器中的条件,则该触发器相连的动作被执行。
例子:
1.不允许降低电影制作人的净资产
CREATE TRIGGER NetWorthTrigger AFTER UPDATE OF netWorth ON MovieExec REFERENCING OLD ROW AS OldTuple, NEW ROW AS NewTuple FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OldTuple.netWorth > NewTuple.netWorth) UPDATE MovieExec SET netWorth = OldTuple.netWorth WHERE cert# = NewTuple.cert#;
2.阻止电影制作人的平均资产降到500000.要对插入、删除、修改分别设置触发器。这里列出修改的:
CREATE TRIGGER AvgNetWorthTrigger AFTER UPDATE OF netWorth ON MovieExec REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS OldStuff, NEW TABLE AS NewStuff FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (500000 > (SELECT AVG(netWorth) FROM MovieExec)) BEGIN DELETE FROM MovieExec WHERE (name, address, cert#, netWorth) IN NewStuff; INSERT INTO MovieExec (SELECT * FROM OldStuff); END;
3.以year为主键的一部分,防止主键为空。在插入前如果发现year为空则插入默认值1915
CREATE TRIGGER FixYearTrigger BEFORE INSERT ON Movies REFERENCING NEW ROW AS NewRow NEW TABLE AS NewStuff FOR EACH ROW WHEN NewRow.year IS NULL UPDATE NewStuff SET year = 1915;
相关选项介绍:
AFTER/BEFORE:决定测试是在事件发生前还是发生后
可被触发的事件:UPDATE\INSERT\DELETE
OF 属性:UPDATE的可选项,如果选中,则只有列出的属性变化时才激活触发器。
WHEN语句:可选项,如果选择,则条件为真才执行后面的语句,否则一定执行后面的语句。
多个执行动作:用BEGIN, END括起来
OLD ROW AS/NEW ROW AS/OLD TABLE AS/NEW TABLE AS:引用表修改前后的元组和表
FOR EACH ROW/FOR EACH STATEMENT:行级触发器,语句级触发器。如果更新整个表,行级触发器要对修改的元组一次一个的执行;语句级触发器则只用执行一次。语句级触发器不能引用新旧元组,但可以引用新旧表;行级触发器则都可以引用。
插入元组则没有旧值,删除元组则没有新值