终于开始接触Linux,现在是一个标准的菜鸟,那么就踏踏实实,一步一步开始进阶,希望我的博客慢慢可以给后来人带来帮助。
废话少说,下面就是我所接触的Linux系统管理的一些基础命令,以及我个人添加的命令的释义,还望大大们多多指教。
一、Linux命令行基础
[[email protected] ~]# uname -r //查看内核版本
[[email protected] ~]# uname -a //查看内核相关详细信息
[[email protected] ~]# hostname //查看主机名
localhost.localdomain
[[email protected] ~]# ifconfig //查看网卡信息
[[email protected] ~]# ifconfig eth0 //查看eth0这块网卡的信息
[[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo //查看CPU信息
[[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/meminfo //查看内存信息
[[email protected] ~]# shutdown -h +15 ‘Host will be shutdown !!‘ //将在15分后关机
[[email protected] ~]# type cd //查看“cd”是内部还是外部命令
[[email protected] ~]# help cd //查看内部命令“cd”的帮助信息
[[email protected] ~]# ls –help //查看外部命令“ls”的帮助信息
[[email protected] ~]# manpath //man手册存放位置
[[email protected] ~]# makewhatis //生成“whatis”数据库
[[email protected] ~]# whatispasswd //查看简化版手册页信息
[[email protected] ~]# whatis passwd = man-f passwd
二、目录和文件基本管理
pwd 查看当前位置
[[email protected] ~]# pwd
cd 目录切换
[[email protected] src]# cd - //返回之前目录
[[email protected] grub]# cd .. //返回上级目录
[[email protected] boot]# cd //进入家目录
[[email protected] ~]# cd ~root //进入家目录
[[email protected] Desktop]# cd ../.. //返回上一级的上一级
[[email protected] /]# cd . //当前目录
[[email protected] ~]# cd ~ //进入家目录
ls List查看
[[email protected] ~]# ls //列表查看目录内容
[[email protected] ~]# ls –l //长格式列表查看目录内容
[[email protected] ~]# ls -l -h
[[email protected] ~]# ls –lh
-h //提供易读容量单位
[[email protected] ~]# ls -lhd /boot/ /home/
-d //查看当前目录本身属性
[[email protected] boot]# ls –A //显示隐藏文件
[[email protected] boot]# ls –a //显示. ..所有隐藏
[[email protected] boot]# ls –R //递归显示内容
通配符
[[email protected] opt]# touch file1.txt //创建文件file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch file2.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch file3.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch filea.txt fileb.txt filec.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls file*
* //匹配任意多个字符
[[email protected] opt]# ls file?
? //匹配任意单个字符
[[email protected] opt]# ls file??.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls file?.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch file12.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch file123.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch fileab.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls
[[email protected] opt]# ls file[0-9].txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls file[0-9][0-9].txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls file??.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls file{1,ab,12}.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls file{1,ab,12,abc}.txt
du 评估目录或文件大小
[[email protected] opt]# du -sh /boot/ /etc/pki/
[[email protected] opt]# mkdir 1406 //创建文件夹1406
[[email protected] opt]# ls
[[email protected] opt]# mkdir abc mp4 mp3
[[email protected] opt]# ls
[[email protected] opt]# mkdir -p aaa/bbb/ccc/ddd
-p //创建递归目录
[[email protected] opt]# ls -R aaa
-R //查看递归目录信息 各层目录内容
[[email protected] opt]# mkdir -p /test1 data/mp4 mp3
[[email protected] opt]# ls -ld /test1/ data/ mp3
[[email protected] opt]# ls -l file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# touch file1.txt //创建文件file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls -l file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls -l /sbin/network
[[email protected] opt]# ln -s /usr/sbin/system-config-network-tui /sbin/network -s //创建链接 源 目标
[[email protected] opt]# ls -l /sbin/network
[[email protected] opt]# ls /root/file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# cp file1.txt /root/ //复制file1到/root
[[email protected] opt]# ls /root/file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# ls
[[email protected] opt]# cp aaa /root/
[[email protected] opt]# ls /root/aaa
[[email protected] opt]# cp -r aaa /root/
-r //复制目录
[[email protected] opt]# ls /root/aaa
[[email protected] opt]# ls /root/file1.txt
[[email protected] opt]# cp file1.txt /root/
[[email protected] opt]# cp -f file1.txt /root/
-f //强制覆盖
[[email protected] opt]# alias //查看别名
[[email protected] opt]# unalias cp //临时取消别名
[[email protected] opt]# cp -f file1.txt /root/
[[email protected] opt]# \cp -f file1.txt /root/
\ //洗脚水(可以让-i失效,这里跟我的老师讲的一个典故有关)
三、程序和文件检索 [locate/find]
[[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH //查看命令路径
[[email protected] ~]# which ls cd //查找命令cd路径(外)
[[email protected] ~]# updatedb //创建/更新数据库
[[email protected] ~]# touch myhttpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# ls
[[email protected] ~]# locate myhttpd.conf //基于数据库查找
[[email protected] ~]# updatedb //更新数据库
[[email protected] ~]# locate myhttpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# rm myhttpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# locate myhttpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# updatedb
[[email protected] ~]# locate myhttpd.conf
find
[[email protected] ~]# find /boot -type l //查找boot下的链接
[[email protected] ~]# ls -l/boot/grub/menu.lst //查看链接文件
[[email protected] ~]# find /boot -type d //查找boot下目录
[[email protected] ~]# find /etc -name"resolv*conf" //按名字查找
[[email protected] ~]# find /dev -type c -a -name "tty[1-3]"
-type //按文件类型查找
整句释义//查找dev下的字符设备文件必须匹配tty和编号1-3
[[email protected] ~]# ls -lh /boot/* //人性化方式长格式显示boot下内容
[[email protected] ~]# find /boot -size +2M //查找大于2M的文件或目录 //按照文件大小查找
[[email protected] ~]# cp install.loginstall.new
[[email protected] ~]# ls -lh install.???
[[email protected] ~]# find -name"install.???" -mtime +30
//查找30天修改的以install.开头的文件
//按内容修改时间
[[email protected] ~]# find /boot -size +2M
[[email protected] ~]# find /boot -size +2M -exec ls -lh {} \;
//处理find找到的文件//固定格式
//-exec只用于find
//以人性化长格式显示找到的2M以上的文件
Dmesg:系统启动时所加载的硬件信息
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf //查看文件内容
[[email protected] ~]# cat -n /etc/resolv.conf //行数编号查看
[[email protected] ~]# cat /root/install.log
[[email protected] ~]# cat -n/root/install.log
[[email protected] ~]# cat -n /etc/passwd
[[email protected] ~]# more /root/install.log //分页查看大文件
[[email protected] ~]# type ls
[[email protected] ~]# ls --help
[[email protected] ~]# ls --help | more //“|”管道,管道前的执行结果作为管道后的输入
[[email protected] ~]# cat /root/install.log |more
[[email protected] ~]# more /root/install.log
[[email protected] ~]#less /root/install.log //分页查看大文件
比more更灵活方便
[[email protected] ~]#head /etc/passwd //显示前几行内容
默认前十行
[[email protected] ~]# head -n 2 /etc/passwd //打开file前两行
[[email protected] ~]# tail /var/log/messages //打开文件末尾
//默认打开后10行
[[email protected] ~]#tail -n 2 /etc/passwd //打开文件后两行
[[email protected] ~]# head -n 12 /etc/passwd | tail -n 5
//打开8到12行 打开前12行,再打开其中后5行
[[email protected] ~]# touch news.txt
[[email protected] ~]# tail -f news.txt //实时检查文件内容变化
切换终端(Ctrl + Shift + t)
> //写入,覆盖之前文件
>> //追加
[[email protected] ~]# echo 111111111 >>news.txt
//将111111111写进文件
[[email protected] ~]# echo 222222222 >>news.txt
[[email protected] ~]# echo 333333333 >>news.txt
[[email protected] ~]# wc /etc/passwd //显示文件行数,大小
[[email protected] ~]# wc -l /etc/passwd //只显示文件行数
[[email protected] ~]# find /etc -name "*.conf" -a -type f | wc
等同于find /etc -type f -name "*.conf"|wc
//查找以.conf结尾的普通文件然后显示其数量
这里的-a可以省略
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/hosts
[[email protected] ~]# grep 127.0.0.1 /etc/hosts //过滤含有关键字的内容
[[email protected] ~]# grep --color 127.0.0.1 /etc/hosts
//将关键字以其他颜色显示
[[email protected] ~]# grep -v 127.0.0.1 /etc/hosts
//过滤显示含关键字以外的内容
[[email protected] ~]# grep root /etc/passwd
[[email protected] ~]# grep Root /etc/passwd
[[email protected] ~]# grep -i Root /etc/passwd
//不严格区分大小写过滤
[[email protected] ~]# dmesg | grep eth
//系统启动时的硬件信息
[[email protected] ~]# dmesg | grep sda
[[email protected] ~]#grep "^#" /etc/hosts
//过滤#开头(注释)的内容
[[email protected] ~]# grep -v "^#"/etc/hosts
[[email protected] ~]# grep "bash$" /etc/passwd
//过滤bash结尾的内容
[[email protected] ~]# grep -v "^#"/etc/xinetd.conf | grep -v "^$"
//显示除#开头和$结尾以外的内容
[[email protected] ~]# grep -vE "^#|^$"/etc/xinetd.conf
//扩展查找模式 将管道应用到中间
[[email protected] ~]# grep -c "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd
//匹配的行数
Linux系统管理——基础命令篇,布布扣,bubuko.com