virt-install是一个使用libvirt库构建新虚拟机的命令行工具,此工具使用串行控制台,SDL(Simple DirectMedia Layer)图形或者VNC客户端/服务器,来支持命令行和图形安装。
1 ubuntu下安装: apt-get install virtinst
# apt-get install virtinst Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: adwaita-icon-theme at-spi2-core colord colord-data dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service fontconfig fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas hicolor-icon-theme ... libxinerama1 libxkbcommon0 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxrender1 libxtst6 python-libxml2 python-pycurl python-urlgrabber ubuntu-mono virt-viewer x11-common Suggested packages: colord-sensor-argyll cups-common libgd-tools gphoto2 gvfs liblcms2-utils librsvg2-bin avahi-daemon hplip libsane-extras sane-utils python-pycurl-dbg python-pycurl-doc ...
2 virt-install常用参数
-n --name= 客户端虚拟机名称
-r --ram= 客户端虚拟机分配的内存
-u --uuid= 客户端UUID 默认不写时,系统会自动生成
--vcpus= 客户端的vcpu个数
-v --hvm 全虚拟化
-p --paravirt 半虚拟化
-l --location=localdir 安装源,有本地、nfs、http、ftp几种,多用于ks网络安装
--vnc 使用vnc ,另有--vnclient=监听的IP --vncport =VNC监听的端口
-c --cdrom= 光驱 安装途径
--disk= 使用不同选项作为磁盘使用安装介质
-w NETWORK, --network=NETWORK 连接客户机到主机网络
-s --file-size= 使用磁盘映像的大小 单位为GB
-f --file= 作为磁盘映像使用的文件
--cpuset=设置哪个物理CPU能够被虚拟机使用
--os-type=OS_TYPE 针对一类操作系统优化虚拟机配置(例如:‘linux’,‘windows’)
--os-variant=OS_VARIANT 针对特定操作系统变体(例如’rhel6’, ’winxp’,‘win2k3‘)进一步优化虚拟机配置
--host-device=HOSTDEV 附加一个物理主机设备到客户机。HOSTDEV是随着libvirt使用的一个节点设备名(具体设备如’virsh nodedev-list’的显示的结果)
--accelerate KVM或KQEMU内核加速,这个选项是推荐最好加上。如果KVM和KQEMU都支持,KVM加速器优先使用。
-x EXTRA, --extra-args=EXTRA 当执行从"--location"选项指定位置的客户机安装时,附加内核命令行参数到安装程序
--nographics "virt-install" 将默认使用--vnc选项,使用nographics指定没有控制台被分配给客户机
3 安装
Use the virt-installtool to boot the virtual machine through libvirt and connect to the graphical console from a VNC client installed on your local machine.
3.1 查看default网络
# virsh net-list Name State Autostart Persistent ---------------------------------------------------------- default active yes yes
If the network is not active, start it by doing:
# virsh net-start default
Starting this network will create a Linux bridge (usually called virbr0), iptables rules, and a dnsmasq process that will serve as a DHCP server.
查看default网络的配置
[email protected]# brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces virbr0 8000.5254000f5c96 yes virbr0-nic [email protected]# ifconfig virbr0 virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:0f:5c:96 inet addr:192.168.22.1 Bcast:192.168.22.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) [email protected]# cat /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml <!-- WARNING: THIS IS AN AUTO-GENERATED FILE. CHANGES TO IT ARE LIKELY TO BE OVERWRITTEN AND LOST. Changes to this xml configuration should be made using: virsh net-edit default or other application using the libvirt API. --> <network> <name>default</name> <uuid>6acb-ed0a-4ad1-b8dc-527168a2</uuid> <forward mode='nat'/> <bridge name='virbr0' stp='on' delay='0'/> <mac address='52:33:00:0f:5c:96'/> <ip address='192.168.22.1' netmask='255.255.255.0'> <dhcp> <range start='192.168.22.2' end='192.168.22.254'/> </dhcp> </ip> </network>
default网络设置保存在/etc/libvirt/qemu/networks目录下,从配置中可看出具体的网桥virbr0.
3.2 qemu-img和virt-install
qemu-img command to create an empty image file
[email protected]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2 10G Formatting 'zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=10737418240 encryption=off cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 [email protected]# ls ubuntu-14.04.3-server-ppc64el.iso zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2 [email protected]# qemu-img info zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2 image: zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 10G (10737418240 bytes) disk size: 196K cluster_size: 65536 Format specific information: compat: 1.1 lazy refcounts: false refcount bits: 16 corrupt: false
virt-install command to start up a virtual machine using that image file.
命令行:
virt-install --virt-type kvm --name zhai-ubuntu --ram 1024 > --cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/ubuntu-14.04.4-server-ppc64el.iso > --disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2,format=qcow2 > --network network=default > --graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 --noautoconsole > --os-type=linux --os-variant=ubuntutrusty
其中,--os-variant后面的值使用virt-install --os-variant list查看
[email protected]# virt-install --os-variant list win2k8 : Microsoft Windows Server 2008 (or later) win2k3 : Microsoft Windows Server 2003 win7 : Microsoft Windows 7 (or later) vista : Microsoft Windows Vista winxp64 : Microsoft Windows XP (x86_64) winxp : Microsoft Windows XP win2k : Microsoft Windows 2000 openbsd4 : OpenBSD 4.x (or later) freebsd9 : FreeBSD 9.x freebsd8 : FreeBSD 8.x freebsd7 : FreeBSD 7.x freebsd6 : FreeBSD 6.x freebsd10 : FreeBSD 10.x (or later) solaris9 : Sun Solaris 9 solaris11 : Sun Solaris 11 (or later) solaris10 : Sun Solaris 10 opensolaris : Sun OpenSolaris (or later) netware6 : Novell Netware 6 (or later) netware5 : Novell Netware 5 netware4 : Novell Netware 4 msdos : MS-DOS generic : Generic altlinux : ALT Linux (or later) debianwheezy : Debian Wheezy (or later) debiansqueeze : Debian Squeeze debianlenny : Debian Lenny debianetch : Debian Etch fedora20 : Fedora 20 (or later) fedora19 : Fedora 19 fedora18 : Fedora 18 fedora17 : Fedora 17 fedora16 : Fedora 16 fedora15 : Fedora 15 fedora14 : Fedora 14 fedora13 : Fedora 13 fedora12 : Fedora 12 fedora11 : Fedora 11 fedora10 : Fedora 10 fedora9 : Fedora 9 fedora8 : Fedora 8 fedora7 : Fedora 7 fedora6 : Fedora Core 6 fedora5 : Fedora Core 5 mes5.1 : Mandriva Enterprise Server 5.1 (or later) mes5 : Mandriva Enterprise Server 5.0 mandriva2010 : Mandriva Linux 2010 (or later) mandriva2009 : Mandriva Linux 2009 and earlier mageia1 : Mageia 1 (or later) rhel7 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 (or later) rhel6 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 rhel5.4 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 or later rhel5 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 rhel4 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 rhel3 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 rhel2.1 : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 sles11 : Suse Linux Enterprise Server 11 (or later) sles10 : Suse Linux Enterprise Server opensuse12 : openSuse 12 (or later) opensuse11 : openSuse 11 ubuntuutopic : Ubuntu 14.10 (Utopic Unicorn) (or later) ubuntutrusty : Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) ubuntusaucy : Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) ubunturaring : Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail) ubuntuquantal : Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal) ubuntuprecise : Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin) ubuntuoneiric : Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot) ubuntunatty : Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal) ubuntumaverick : Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat) ubuntulucid : Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx) ubuntukarmic : Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) ubuntujaunty : Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) ubuntuintrepid : Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) ubuntuhardy : Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron) mbs1 : Mandriva Business Server 1 (or later) virtio26 : Generic 2.6.25 or later kernel with virtio generic26 : Generic 2.6.x kernel generic24 : Generic 2.4.x kernel
执行过程:
[email protected]# virt-install --virt-type kvm --name zhai-ubuntu --ram 1024 > --cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/ubuntu-14.04.4-server-ppc64el.iso > --disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2,format=qcow2 > --network network=default > --graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 --noautoconsole > --os-type=linux --os-variant=ubuntutrusty Starting install... Creating domain... | 0 B 00:00 Domain installation still in progress. You can reconnect to the console to complete the installation process. [email protected]# ps -ef | grep zhai libvirt+ 27531 1 99 03:39 ? 00:00:22 qemu-system-ppc64 -enable-kvm -name zhai-ubuntu -S -machine pseries-2.3,accel=kvm,usb=off -m 1024 -realtime mlock=off -smp 1,sockets=1,cores=1,threads=1 -uuid de480a35-4ab5-42e5-b3b6-a47c8b05d9c8 -no-user-config -nodefaults -chardev socket,id=charmonitor,path=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/zhai-ubuntu.monitor,server,nowait -mon chardev=charmonitor,id=monitor,mode=control -rtc base=utc -no-reboot -boot strict=on -device pci-ohci,id=usb,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2 -device spapr-vscsi,id=scsi0,reg=0x2000 -drive file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2,if=none,id=drive-scsi0-0-0-0,format=qcow2 -device scsi-hd,bus=scsi0.0,channel=0,scsi-id=0,lun=0,drive=drive-scsi0-0-0-0,id=scsi0-0-0-0,bootindex=2 -drive file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/ubuntu-14.04.4-server-ppc64el.iso,if=none,id=drive-scsi0-0-0-1,readonly=on,format=raw -device scsi-cd,bus=scsi0.0,channel=0,scsi-id=0,lun=1,drive=drive-scsi0-0-0-1,id=scsi0-0-0-1,bootindex=1 -netdev tap,fd=29,id=hostnet0 -device rtl8139,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=52:54:00:cb:ad:fa,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1 -chardev pty,id=charserial0 -device spapr-vty,chardev=charserial0,reg=0x30000000 -device usb-kbd,id=input0 -device usb-mouse,id=input1 -vnc 0.0.0.0:2 -device VGA,id=video0,vgamem_mb=16,bus=pci.0,addr=0x4 -device virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3 -msg timestamp=on root 27540 23850 0 03:40 pts/8 00:00:00 grep --color=auto zhai
从上看出:virt-install执行后,最终调用的是qemu-system-ppc64命令来创建vm。
一个虚拟机占用一个进程,可以通过进程管理和控制虚拟机。
log日志:
[email protected]# ls /var/log/libvirt/qemu/ zhai-ubuntu.log
创建后,查看网络:
[email protected]# brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces virbr0 8000.5254000f5c96 yes virbr0-nic vnet0
可看出virbr0上多了一下端口vnet0.
virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:0f:5c:96 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:10646 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:14645 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:617571 (617.5 KB) TX bytes:20396983 (20.3 MB) virbr0-nic Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:0f:5c:96 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) vnet0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr fe:54:00:7e:60:d0 inet6 addr: fe80::fc54:ff:fe7e:60d0/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:10646 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:17480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:766615 (766.6 KB) TX bytes:20544635 (20.5 MB)
查看生成的xml配置文件 :
# ls -lrt /etc/libvirt/qemu -rw------- 1 root root 2511 Apr 15 11:25 zhai-ubuntu.xml
zhai-ubuntu.xml内容:
# cat /etc/libvirt/qemu/zhai-ubuntu.xml <!-- WARNING: THIS IS AN AUTO-GENERATED FILE. CHANGES TO IT ARE LIKELY TO BE OVERWRITTEN AND LOST. Changes to this xml configuration should be made using: virsh edit zhai-ubuntu or other application using the libvirt API. --> <domain type='kvm'> <name>zhai-ubuntu</name> <uuid>0e5684f5-23aa-8568-ed10-52c844b4d85d</uuid> <memory unit='KiB'>1048576</memory> <currentMemory unit='KiB'>1048576</currentMemory> <vcpu placement='static'>2</vcpu> <os> <type arch='ppc64le' machine='pseries-2.3'>hvm</type> <boot dev='cdrom'/> <boot dev='hd'/> <bootmenu enable='yes'/> </os> <features> <acpi/> <apic/> <pae/> </features> <clock offset='utc'/> <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff> <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot> <on_crash>restart</on_crash> <devices> <emulator>/usr/bin/kvm</emulator> <disk type='file' device='disk'> <driver name='qemu' type='qcow2' cache='none'/> <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2'/> <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/> </disk> <disk type='file' device='disk'> <driver name='qemu' type='raw' cache='none'/> <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/ubuntu-14.04.4-server-ppc64el.iso'/> <target dev='sda' bus='usb'/> </disk> <controller type='usb' index='0'> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x02' function='0x0'/> </controller> <controller type='pci' index='0' model='pci-root'/> <interface type='network'> <mac address='52:54:00:7e:60:d0'/> <source network='default'/> <model type='virtio'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x0'/> </interface> <serial type='pty'> <target port='0'/> <address type='spapr-vio' reg='0x30000000'/> </serial> <console type='pty'> <target type='serial' port='0'/> <address type='spapr-vio' reg='0x30000000'/> </console> <input type='tablet' bus='usb'/> <input type='keyboard' bus='usb'/> <input type='mouse' bus='usb'/> <graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport='yes'/> <video> <model type='vga' vram='16384' heads='1'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x05' function='0x0'/> </video> <memballoon model='virtio'> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/> </memballoon> </devices> </domain>
基于KVM建立的虚拟机相关文件默认存放位置
kvm虚拟机配置文件位置/etc/libvirt/qemu/ <---都是xml文件
kvm虚拟机文件位置:/var/lib/libvirt/images/ <---可以在建立虚拟机时指定
建立的虚拟机在运行时相关文件及存放位置
在虚拟机运行时,会在/var/run/libvirt/qemu目录下存放虚拟机的pid文件和配置文件,配置文件与/etc/libvirt/qemu目录下对应的虚拟机文件相同,pid文件保存有此虚拟机进程号。虚拟机的日志文件存放在/var/log/libvirt/qemu目录下,每个虚拟机一个,文件名称为:虚拟机名称(或UUID)+“.log”
virt-install在生产虚拟机的最后调用virt-viewer打开虚拟机图形界面,进行操作系统的安装,可以通过vnc或者virt-manager打开虚拟机图形界面,继续完成guest操作系统的安装即可。
3.3 virsh vncdisplay命令
Use the virsh vncdisplay vm-name command to get the VNC port number.
[email protected]# virsh vncdisplay zhai-ubuntu :2 [email protected]# ps -ef | grep vnc libvirt+ 27531 1 99 03:39 ? 00:09:35 qemu-system-ppc64 -enable-kvm -name zhai-ubuntu -S -machine pseries-2.3,accel=kvm,usb=off -m 1024 -realtime mlock=off -smp 1,sockets=1,cores=1,threads=1 -uuid de480a35-4ab5-42e5-b3b6-a47c8b05d9c8 -no-user-config -nodefaults -chardev socket,id=charmonitor,path=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/zhai-ubuntu.monitor,server,nowait -mon chardev=charmonitor,id=monitor,mode=control -rtc base=utc -no-reboot -boot strict=on -device pci-ohci,id=usb,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2 -device spapr-vscsi,id=scsi0,reg=0x2000 -drive file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/zhai-ubuntu14.04.4.qcow2,if=none,id=drive-scsi0-0-0-0,format=qcow2 -device scsi-hd,bus=scsi0.0,channel=0,scsi-id=0,lun=0,drive=drive-scsi0-0-0-0,id=scsi0-0-0-0,bootindex=2 -drive file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/zhaipool/ubuntu-14.04.4-server-ppc64el.iso,if=none,id=drive-scsi0-0-0-1,readonly=on,format=raw -device scsi-cd,bus=scsi0.0,channel=0,scsi-id=0,lun=1,drive=drive-scsi0-0-0-1,id=scsi0-0-0-1,bootindex=1 -netdev tap,fd=29,id=hostnet0 -device rtl8139,netdev=hostnet0,id=net0,mac=52:54:00:cb:ad:fa,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1 -chardev pty,id=charserial0 -device spapr-vty,chardev=charserial0,reg=0x30000000 -device usb-kbd,id=input0 -device usb-mouse,id=input1 -vnc 0.0.0.0:2 -device VGA,id=video0,vgamem_mb=16,bus=pci.0,addr=0x4 -device virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3 -msg timestamp=on
3.4 在本机上使用tigervnc连接
qemu不使用linux下的vncserver提供vnc服务,因此在此服务没有启动的情况下,也能通过vnc客户端连接到虚拟机。
安装完成后,登录虚机,查看IP
4 本地安装示例
给guest主机划分物理机分区
lvcreate -L20G -n host.demo.com kvm-storage
下载镜像并loop到本地:
wget http://mirrors.manchester.icecolo.com/centos/5.5/isos/x86_64/CentOS-5.5-x86_64-bin-1of8.iso
mkdir /mnt/centos55
mount -o loop CentOS-5.5-x86_64-bin-1of8.iso /mnt/centos55/
通过location本地安装,并通过console管理:
virt-install
-n host.demo.com
-r 512
--vcpus=1
--os-variant=rhel5.4
--accelerate
--nographics
-v
-l /mnt/centos55/
-w bridge:br1
--disk path=/dev/kvm-storage/host.demo.com
-x "console=ttyS0"
管理时可以通过
#查看guest id、name 及状态
virsh list --all
#通过console连接查看
virsh console id或name
#连接完成后会要求输入用户名和密码
5 virt-manager图形安装
通过图形向导界面也可以完成安装,virt-manager可以通过在终端中输入virt-manager或者从菜单应用程序->系统工具中打开。
参考:
1 virt-install 使用说明: http://blog.csdn.net/starshine/article/details/6998189
2 kvm, qemu-kvm以及libvirt之间的关系图:http://blog.csdn.net/zhaihaifei/article/details/51018113
3 kvm虚拟化之virt-install: http://www.361way.com/virt-install/2721.html
4 kvm显示VM的IP:http://www.chengxuyuans.com/Unix/83251.html
5 virbr0: http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26000137-id-3723948.html