【转】Scala: Example use for early definition / early initializer / pre-initialized fields

Let‘s see a example from the Programming in Scala book (page 451). If we have a definition like this:

trait RationalTrait {
   val numerArg: Int
   val denomArg: Int
}

Then numerArg and denomArg are called abstract vals & the trait can be used directly without extends, like this:

val x = new RationalTrait {
   val numerArg = 1
   val denomArg = 2
}

Or

val y = new {
   val numerArg = 1
   val denomArg = 1
} with RationalTrait

The above two are both valid Pre-initializing of abstract val in trait, except that when you need to put an expression value to abstract vals, you can only use the later form, like this:

val z = new {
  val numerArg = 1 * x
  val denomArg = 2 * x
} with RationalTrait

Another interesting example in book is to Pre-initialized fields in a class definition.

class RationalClass(n: Int, d: Int) extends {
  val numerArg = n
  val denomArg = d
} with RationalTrait {
  def + (that: RationalClass) = new RationalClass(
    numer * that.denom + that.numer * denom,
    denom * that.denom
  )
}