在如今的iOS开发中,Autolayout已经是不得不使用了,而且是我们主动的去拥抱Autolayout。使用Autolayout最普遍的方式就是在xib或者storyboard中可视化的添加各种约束,这也是Autolayout入门需要掌握的,关于这部分内容,可以参考《iOS开发——Autolayout的实践与技巧》这篇博客。对于比较简单的App开发,可能使用可视化Autolayout也就足够了。但是如果UI布局稍微复杂多变一点,那么就不得不使用代码了。对于iOS原生的代码自动布局,真的是过于繁琐。所以这里就要来介绍目前广泛使用的第三方库Masonry的使用,入门非常的方便简单。也是一位合格的iOS开发者需要掌握的。博客案例代码上传至 https://github.com/chenyufeng1991/MasonryLearnDemo 。
(1)使用Cocoapods导入Masonry,对于如何使用Cocoapods,请参考《iOS包管理工具Cocoapods的安装与使用》这篇博客。Podfile文件如下:
platform:ios,‘8.0‘ pod ‘Masonry‘
(2)先对Masonry中的内容做一个简单的介绍:
Masonry中有三种添加约束的方法:
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraint:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block;
- (NSArray *)mas_updateConstraint:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block;
- (NSArray *)mas_remakeConstraint:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block;
mas_makeConstraint:只负责新增约束,初次设置约束使用;
mas_updateConstraint:更新block中出现的约束,如果找不到该约束,会新增约束。
mas_remakeConstraint:清除之前的所有约束,仅保留最新的约束。
(3)equalTo和mas_equalTo的区别
其实mas_equalTo是一个宏,源码中是这样定义的:
#define mas_equalTo(...) equalTo(MASBoxValue((__VA_ARGS__))) #define mas_greaterThanOrEqualTo(...) greaterThanOrEqualTo(MASBoxValue((__VA_ARGS__))) #define mas_lessThanOrEqualTo(...) lessThanOrEqualTo(MASBoxValue((__VA_ARGS__))) #define mas_offset(...) valueOffset(MASBoxValue((__VA_ARGS__)))
同时,这里涉及到两个简便写法,Masonry提供了不加mas_前缀的方法,只需要定义两个宏:
MAS_SHORTHAND宏:定义了MAS_SHORTHAND宏之后,就可以使用UIView,NSArray中不带mas_前缀的makeConstraint,updateConstraint,remakeConstraint方法,以及UIView中不带mas_前缀的Attribute。
MAS_SHORTHAND_GLOBALS:直接对equalTo传入基础类型,Masonry自动转化为NSValue对象。
(4)比例系数与常数系数
multipliedBy(0.5)可以用来设置比例系数。
Masonry有四种设置Constant的方法:
- (MASConstraint * (^)(MASEdgeInsets insets))insets; - (MASConstraint * (^)(CGSize offset))sizeOffset; - (MASConstraint * (^)(CGPoint offset))centerOffset; - (MASConstraint * (^)(CGFloat offset))offset;
insets方法可以同时设置top,left,bottom,right,接收MASEdgeInsets类型,也就是UiEdgeInsets类型,使用UIEdgeInetMake方法设置。
sizeOffset方法设置width,height,接收CGSize类型,使用CGSizeMake方法设置。
centerOffset方法设置centerX(X轴中心),centerY(Y轴中心)。
offset方法可以设置所有的偏移常量。
(5)对于一个约束,实际表示的是不等或者相等关系:
aView.Leading = 1.0 * bView.Trailing + 10;
其中:
aView :Item1;
Leading:Attribute1;
= : Relationship;
1.0 :Multiplier
bView:Item2;
Trailing :Attribute2;
10 :Constant;
(6)MASConstraintMaker提供了22种Attribute类型:
//第一类 @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *left; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *top; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *right; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *bottom; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *leading; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *trailing; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *width; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *height; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *centerX; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *centerY; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *baseline; //第二类 @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *leftMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *rightMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *topMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *bottomMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *leadingMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *trailingMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *centerXWithinMargins; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *centerYWithinMargins; //第三类 @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *edges; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *size; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASConstraint *center;
第一类是基本属性,向下支持到iOS6,用的比较多。
第二类是边缘相关属性,向下支持到iOS8,由于版本要求比较高,所以用的比较少。
第三类是复合属性,edges(top,left,right,bottom),size(width,height),center(centerX,centerY).
(7)扩展UIView中的Attribute:
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_left; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_top; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_right; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_bottom; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_leading; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_trailing; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_width; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_height; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerX; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerY; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_baseline; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *(^mas_attribute)(NSLayoutAttribute attr); @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_leftMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_rightMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_topMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_bottomMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_leadingMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_trailingMargin; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerXWithinMargins; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerYWithinMargins;
基本和MASConstraintMaker中的属性一样,只是每个属性前面都有mas_前缀,因为这个类是扩展UIView的,为了和系统类中的Attribute区别,所以加了前缀。
(8)SHORTHAND简便写法:Masonry提供了不加mas_前缀的方法,只需要定义几个宏:
--- MAS_SHORTHAND :定义了MAS_SHORTHAND宏之后,就可以使用UIView,NSArray中不带mas_前缀的makeConstraint,updateConstraint,remakeConstraint,以及UiView中不带mas_前缀的Attribute。
--- MAS_SHORTHAND_GLOBALS :直接对equalTo传入基础类型,Masonry自动转化为NSValue对象。
(9)with的使用
在Masonry的链式语法中,with可以对一个对象的多个属性进行连接,但也可以不用with.源码中的解释是:with是一个可选的语法属性,没有任何影响,但是能提高约束的可读性。
(10)小技巧
--- 如果等式两边的Attribute是一样的,可以省略等式右边的Attribute;
--- 如果是等于关系,并且右边的view是父view,equalTo也可以省略;
--- multipier默认为1时,可以不写;
--- offset默认为0时,可以不写;
--- 所以,如果不嫌麻烦的话,可以对所有的约束添加multipliedBy()和offset(),看起来也会清楚直观。
(11)mas_key属性的使用:
mas_key相当于View原生的tag属性一样,是为了区分不同的View的,mas_key标志的是字符串,更加方便直观。如果在遇到约束冲突打印Log时,使用Key标识后,会很容易找到冲突位置。我下面会通过一个例子来讲解。
(12)weakSelf的使用
对于block中self的循环引用问题,可以参考《iOS开发——Block引起循环引用的解决方案》这篇博客。Masonry的约束也是写在block中,所以我通过一个宏定义:
//定义宏,用于block #define WeakSelf(weakSelf) __weak __typeof(&*self)weakSelf = self;
在block之前定义:
WeakSelf(weakSelf);
所以在block中就不使用self,而改用weakSelf即可。
(13)关于(8)中提到的两个宏定义,定义时的位置一定要在#import头文件之前,如下所示:
#define MAS_SHORTHAND #define MAS_SHORTHAND_GLOBALS #import "FirstViewController.h" #import "Masonry.h"
我下面通过几个小例子来作为Masonry的入门:
【1】绘制一个红色的View,在屏幕中上下左右居中,宽高为200:
//绘制一个红色的View - (void)setRedView { WeakSelf(weakSelf); self.redView = [[UIView alloc] init]; self.redView.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor]; //在设置Autolayout之前,要将view添加到self.view上面 [self.view addSubview:self.redView]; [self.redView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.center.mas_equalTo(weakSelf.view); make.size.mas_equalTo(CGSizeMake(200, 200)); }]; }
注意:在对redView设置约束之前,一定要把它添加到self.view中!
【2】在红色的View中绘制一个灰色的View,主要学习如何使用复合属性和单一属性设置四周边距:
//在红色的View中绘制一个灰色的View - (void)setGrayViewEdgeInsetToRedView { WeakSelf(weakSelf); self.grayView = [[UIView alloc] init]; self.grayView.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor]; [self.redView addSubview:self.grayView]; [self.grayView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { //可以使用符合属性设置 // make.edges.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).with.insets(UIEdgeInsetsMake(20, 20, 20, 20)); //上述代码也可以拆分为: //可以使用with对同一条约束设置参数 // make.top.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).with.offset(20); // make.left.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).with.offset(20); // make.bottom.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).with.offset(-20); // make.right.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).with.offset(-20); // 也可以去掉with make.top.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).offset(20); make.left.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).offset(20); make.bottom.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).offset(-20); make.right.equalTo(weakSelf.redView).offset(-20); }]; }
【3】在灰色View里面绘制两个等宽等间距的View,设置左右边距,相互之间的边距为15,同时自动计算他们的宽度:
//在灰色View里面绘制两个等宽等间距的View,设置左右边距、相互之间边距为15 - (void)setTwoViewInGrayView { WeakSelf(weakSelf); UIView *subView1 = [[UIView alloc] init]; UIView *subView2 = [[UIView alloc] init]; subView1.backgroundColor = [UIColor orangeColor]; subView2.backgroundColor = [UIColor blueColor]; [self.grayView addSubview:subView1]; [self.grayView addSubview:subView2]; [subView1 mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.centerY.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView.mas_centerY); make.left.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView.mas_left).with.offset(15); make.right.equalTo(subView2.mas_left).with.offset(-15); //设置subView1的高度为grayView高度的0.5. make.height.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView).multipliedBy(0.5); make.width.equalTo(subView2.mas_width); }]; [subView2 mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.centerY.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView.mas_centerY); make.left.equalTo(subView1.mas_right).with.offset(15); make.right.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView.mas_right).offset(-15); make.height.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView).multipliedBy(0.5); make.width.equalTo(subView1.mas_width); }]; //以上的两个约束还有如下简化的写法 [subView1 mas_remakeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { //设置subView1的centerY属性,如果后面的grayView的参数也是centerY的话,就可以省略 make.centerY.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView); //因为默认也是想要和grayView的左边距对齐,所以可以省略mas_left; make.left.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView).with.offset(15); //下面的mas_left不能省略,因为前面的参数是right,当前后参数不一致时,不能省略后面的参数 make.right.equalTo(subView2.mas_left).with.offset(-15); make.height.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView).multipliedBy(0.5); //可以省略下面subView2的width参数 make.width.equalTo(subView2); }]; [subView2 mas_remakeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.centerY.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView); make.left.equalTo(subView1.mas_right).with.offset(15); make.right.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView).offset(-15); make.height.equalTo(weakSelf.grayView).multipliedBy(0.5); make.width.equalTo(subView1); }]; }
【4】学习设置比例系数:我要绘制一个View,宽度是self.view的0.5倍再减少10,高度是self.view的0.2倍,距离self.view左边距10,上部紧贴红色View:
- (void)setMutiplierAndConstant { WeakSelf(weakSelf); UIView *yellowView = [[UIView alloc] init]; yellowView.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor]; [self.view addSubview:yellowView]; [yellowView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.width.equalTo(weakSelf.view.mas_width).offset(-10).multipliedBy(0.5);//根据公式,这里的-10就是constant. make.height.equalTo(weakSelf.view.mas_height).multipliedBy(0.2).offset(0); make.top.equalTo(weakSelf.redView.mas_bottom).multipliedBy(1).offset(0); make.left.equalTo(weakSelf.view.mas_left).multipliedBy(1).offset(10); }]; }
【5】使用mas_key属性,使冲突发生时Log日志变得清晰,如下代码是带有冲突的代码:
- (void)setViewWithKey { UIView *firstView = [[UIView alloc] init]; firstView.backgroundColor = [UIColor blackColor]; [self.view addSubview:firstView]; //这里使用mas_key参数 self.view.mas_key = @"self.view"; firstView.mas_key = @"firstView"; //写一个冲突的约束 [firstView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.size.mas_equalTo(CGSizeMake(100, 100)); make.left.offset(10); make.right.offset(-10); }]; }
如果不使用mas_key来标识两个View,那么Log打印如下:
Probably at least one of the constraints in the following list is one you don‘t want. Try this: (1) look at each constraint and try to figure out which you don‘t expect; (2) find the code that added the unwanted constraint or constraints and fix it. ( "<MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fef6a6a5d80 UIView:0x7fef6a4289d0.width == 100>", "<MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fef6a7161a0 UIView:0x7fef6a4289d0.left == UIView:0x7fef6a40b970.left + 10>", "<MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fef6a7145e0 UIView:0x7fef6a4289d0.right == UIView:0x7fef6a40b970.right - 10>", "<NSLayoutConstraint:0x7fef6a7ade60 UIView:0x7fef6a40b970.width == 320>" ) Will attempt to recover by breaking constraint <MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fef6a6a5d80 UIView:0x7fef6a4289d0.width == 100>
其中打印出的是View的地址,对于有多个View的时候,Log就很难读了。
当设置mas_key后,输入如下:
Probably at least one of the constraints in the following list is one you don‘t want. Try this: (1) look at each constraint and try to figure out which you don‘t expect; (2) find the code that added the unwanted constraint or constraints and fix it. ( "<MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fbf23e3b0b0 UIView:firstView.width == 100>", "<MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fbf23e58410 UIView:firstView.left == UIView:self.view.left + 10>", "<MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fbf23e588d0 UIView:firstView.right == UIView:self.view.right - 10>", "<NSLayoutConstraint:0x7fbf23e5a610 UIView:self.view.width == 320>" ) Will attempt to recover by breaking constraint <MASLayoutConstraint:0x7fbf23e3b0b0 UIView:firstView.width == 100>
对于有可能哪一个View出现的冲突,Log日志就很容易区别。
【6】使用上述(8)谈到的两个宏,使用Masonry时可以省略mas_前缀,下面的代码是去掉了mas_前缀的,也可以成功编译运行:
- (void)useShorthand { UIView *firstView = [[UIView alloc] init]; firstView.backgroundColor = [UIColor blackColor]; [self.view addSubview:firstView]; self.view.mas_key = @"self.view"; firstView.mas_key = @"firstView"; //写一个冲突的约束 [firstView makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) { make.size.equalTo(CGSizeMake(100, 100)); make.left.offset(10); make.right.offset(-10); }]; }
我这里介绍的Masonry使用还只是一个入门使用,想要更熟练的使用,那么必须在实际项目中去运用它。当然最好的学习方式就是去阅读Masonry的源代码啦。