1. get start
| Command | Example | Description |
| ls |
ls ls -a ls -l |
输出目录文件 输出文件包括隐藏文件 输出文件详细信息 |
| pwd |
pwd |
show present working dir |
| cd |
cd dir cd .. cd ./a/b cd ~icey/a cd /home/username/documents |
change dir 返回上一个目录 到当前目录下的a/b文件夹中 到某个用户的子文件夹 从根目录开始 |
| mkdir | mkdir icey | 创建文件夹 |
| rmdir | rm emptydir | 删除一个空的文件夹 |
| rm |
rm file.txt rm *.tmp -f -i -r -v rm -rf dir |
删除一个文件 删除后缀为..的文件 强制删除 交互式删除 递归删除 详细显示 删除文件夹 |
| cp |
cp file1 dir cp file1 file1copy |
|
| mv |
mv oldfilename newfilename mv filename dir |
重命名文件 移动文件到文件夹 |
| more | more file | 查看文件 |
| lpr | lpr file | 打印：send file to printer |
| man | man ls | 帮助：online help about cmd |
| cls | cls | 清屏 clear screen |
查看日期：date
安装软件 sudo apt-get install softwareName
解压缩 tar -cf abc.tar subdir
tar -xvf subdir.tar
2. viewing files
cat filename Dump a file to the screen in ascii.
more filename Progressively dump a file to the screen: ENTER = one line down SPACEBAR = page down q=quit
less filename Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems.
vi filename Edit a file using the vi editor. All UNIX systems will have vi in some form.
emacs filename Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs.
head filename Show the first few lines of a file.
head -n filename Show the first n lines of a file.
tail filename Show the last few lines of a file.
tail -n filename Show the last n lines of a file.
2. log on/log off
注销用户 logoff
exit
重启 shutdown -r /t 000
关闭 shutdown -p
字符终端------图形界面 Character terminal -- graphical interface transform
Character terminal ——> graphical interface
enter： startx
or alt+ctl+space ,release "space", and press F7
graphical interface ——> Character terminal
alt+ctl+F1
3. OS performance
（1）进程
ps 查看进程
kill -9 psid 结束进程
ctl+c 结束当前进程
（2）内存（memory）和CPU
free -m 查看内存使用情况
top 查看内存及cpu使用情况
也可以安装htop工具，这样更直观，
安装命令如下：sudo apt-get install htop
安装完后，直接输入命令：htop
就可以看到内存或cpu的使用情况了。
（3）user
who --list who is logged on machine
finger --list who is on compter in the lab