Description
求\(~n~\)个点组成的有标号无向连通图的个数。\(~1 \leq n \leq 13 \times 10 ^ 4~\).
Solution
这道题的弱化版是poj1737, 其中\(n \leq 50\), 先来解决这个弱化版的题。考虑\(~dp~\),直接统计答案难以入手,于是考虑容斥。显然有,符合条件的方案数\(=\)所有方案数\(-\)不符合条件的方案数,而这个不符合条件的方案数就是图没有完全联通的情况。设\(~dp_i~\)表示\(~i~\)个点组成的合法方案数,考虑\(~1~\)号点的联通情况,易得
\[
dp_i = 2 ^ {i \choose 2} - \sum_{j = 1}^{i - 1} {dp_j \times {{i - 1} \choose {j - 1}}} \times 2 ^ {{i - j} \choose 2}
\]
这是什么意思呢...枚举\(~1~\)号点所在的联通块大小\(~j~\), 可以知道这个联通块有\(~dp_j~\)种连法,除了这\(~j~\)个点,剩下的点可以随意连接,而这\(~j - 1~\)个点可以在\(~i - 1~\)个点中随意选择(因为强制选了\(~1~\)号点)。
那么这个简单版就已经解决了,时间复杂度\(~O(n ^ 2)~\), 而且要写高精度。博主很懒就不想写了。这个复杂度的话不是神威的话肯定是跑不过的。于是我们考虑优化,把上面的式子展开,可以得到
\[
dp_i = 2 ^ {i \choose 2} - \sum_{j = 1}^{i - 1} dp_j \times \frac{(i - 1)!}{(j - 1)!(i - j)! } \times {2 ^ {i - j \choose 2}}
\]
同除\(~(i - 1) !~?\), 得
\[
\frac{dp_i}{(i - 1)!} = \frac{2 ^ {i \choose 2}}{(i - 1)!} - \sum_{j = 1}^{i - 1} \frac {dp_j \times {2 ^ {i - j \choose 2}}} {(j - 1)!(i - j)!}
\]
观察一下,这个\(~ \frac{dp_i}{(i - 1)!} ~\)就是那个\(~\sum~\)式子的第\(~i~\)项, 移项得,
\[
\sum_{j = 1}^{i} \frac {dp_j}{(j - 1)!} \times \frac{2 ^ {i - j \choose 2}}{(i - j)!} = \frac{2 ^ {i \choose 2}}{(i - 1)!}
\]
左边是很自然的一个卷积式子。令
\[
h = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \frac{dp_i}{(i - 1)!} \times x^i~~, ~~g = \sum_{i = 0}^{n} \frac{2 ^ {i \choose 2}}{i!}\times x^i~~, ~~f = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \frac{2 ^ {i \choose 2}}{(i - 1)!}\times x^i~~
\]
所以有\(~f = h * g\), 但是我们要求的是\(~h_n~\),转换一下就是\(~h = g * f ^ {-1}\), 要用到多项式求逆。
Code
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define For(i, j, k) for (int i = j; i <= k; ++i)
#define Forr(i, j, k) for (int i = j; i >= k; --i)
using namespace std;
inline void File() {
freopen("bzoj3456.in", "r", stdin);
freopen("bzoj3456.out", "w", stdout);
}
const int N = (1 << 20) + 10, mod = 1004535809;
int a[N], b[N], c[N], fac[N], inv[N], n;
int powg[N], invg[N], rev[N], siz, p[N], q[N];
inline int qpow(int a, int b) {
static int res;
for (res = 1; b; b >>= 1, a = 1ll * a * a % mod)
if (b & 1) res = 1ll * res * a % mod;
return res;
}
inline void Init(int n) {
fac[0] = inv[0] = 1;
For(i, 1, n) fac[i] = 1ll * i * fac[i - 1] % mod;
inv[n] = qpow(fac[n], mod - 2);
Forr(i, n - 1, 0) inv[i] = 1ll * (i + 1) * inv[i + 1] % mod;
}
inline int add(int x, int y) { return (x += y) >= mod ? x - mod : x; }
inline void Init_pow(int n) {
int g = qpow(3, mod - 2);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i <<= 1) {
powg[i] = qpow(3, (mod - 1) / i);
invg[i] = qpow(g, (mod - 1) / i);
}
}
inline void Init_rev(int n) {
int bit = 0; for (siz = 1; siz <= n; siz <<= 1) ++ bit;
For(i, 0, siz - 1) rev[i] = (rev[i >> 1] >> 1) | ((i & 1) << (bit - 1));
}
inline void NTT(int *a, int flag) {
For(i, 0, siz - 1) if (rev[i] > i) swap(a[rev[i]], a[i]);
for (int i = 2; i <= siz; i <<= 1) {
int wn = flag > 0 ? powg[i] : invg[i];
for (int j = 0; j < siz; j += i) {
int w = 1;
for (int k = 0; k < i >> 1; w = 1ll * w * wn % mod, ++ k) {
int x = a[j + k], y = 1ll * w * a[j + k + (i >> 1)] % mod;
a[k + j] = add(x, y), a[k + j + (i >> 1)] = add(x, mod - y);
}
}
}
if (flag == -1) {
int g = qpow(siz, mod - 2);
For(i, 0, siz - 1) a[i] = 1ll * a[i] * g % mod;
}
}
inline void Inv(int *a, int *b, int len) { // b is the inv of a
if (len == 1) return (void) (b[0] = qpow(a[0], mod - 2));
Inv(a, b, len >> 1), Init_rev(len);
For(i, 0, len - 1) p[i] = a[i], q[i] = b[i];
NTT(p, 1), NTT(q, 1);
For(i, 0, siz - 1) p[i] = 1ll * q[i] * q[i] % mod * p[i] % mod;
NTT(p, -1);
For(i, 0, len - 1) b[i] = add(2 * b[i] % mod, mod - p[i]);
}
int main() {
File();
Init(N - 5), Init_pow(1 << 20);
scanf("%d", &n);
For(i, 0, n) b[i] = 1ll * inv[i] * qpow(2, 1ll * (i - 1) * i / 2 % (mod - 1)) % mod;
For(i, 1, n) c[i] = 1ll * inv[i - 1] * qpow(2, 1ll * (i - 1) * i / 2 % (mod - 1)) % mod;
Init_rev(n); Inv(b, a, siz);
NTT(a, 1), NTT(c, 1);
For(i, 0, siz - 1) a[i] = 1ll * a[i] * c[i] % mod;
NTT(a, -1);
int ans = 1ll * a[n] * fac[n - 1] % mod;
printf("%d", ans);
return 0;
}
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/LSTete/p/9575645.html