HttpClient provides full support for authentication schemes defined by the HTTP standard specification as well as a number of widely used non-standard authentication schemes such as NTLM and SPNEGO.
User Credentials
Any process of user authentication requires a set of credentials that can be used to establish user identity. In the simplest form user credentials can be just a user name / password pair. UsernamePasswordCredentials represents a set of credentials consisting of a security principal and a password in clear text. This implementation is sufficient for standard authentication schemes defined by the HTTP standard specification.
UsernamePasswordCredentials creds = new UsernamePasswordCredentials("user", "pwd");
System.out.println(creds.getUserPrincipal().getName());
System.out.println(creds.getPassword());
stdout >
user pwd
NTCredentials is a Microsoft Windows specific implementation that includes in addition to the user name / password pair a set of additional Windows specific attributes such as the name of the user domain. In a Microsoft Windows network the same user can belong to multiple domains each with a different set of authorizations.
NTCredentials creds = new NTCredentials("user", "pwd", "workstation", "domain");
System.out.println(creds.getUserPrincipal().getName());
System.out.println(creds.getPassword());
stdout >
DOMAIN/user pwd
Authentication Schemes
The AuthScheme interface represents an abstract challenge-response oriented authentication scheme. An authentication scheme is expected to support the following functions:
- Parse and process the challenge sent by the target server in response to request for a protected resource.
- Provide properties of the processed challenge: the authentication scheme type and its parameters, such the realm this authentication scheme is applicable to, if available
- Generate the authorization string for the given set of credentials and the HTTP request in response to the actual authorization challenge.
Please note that authentication schemes may be stateful involving a series of challenge-response exchanges.
HttpClient ships with several AuthScheme implementations:
- Basic: Basic authentication scheme as defined in RFC 2617. This authentication scheme is insecure, as the credentials are transmitted in clear text. Despite its insecurity Basic authentication scheme is perfectly adequate if used in combination with the TLS/SSL encryption.
- Digest: Digest authentication scheme as defined in RFC 2617. Digest authentication scheme is significantly more secure than Basic and can be a good choice for those applications that do not want the overhead of full transport security through TLS/SSL encryption.
- NTLM: NTLM is a proprietary authentication scheme developed by Microsoft and optimized for Windows platforms. NTLM is believed to be more secure than Digest.
- SPNEGO: SPNEGO (Simple and Protected GSSAPI Negotiation Mechanism) is a GSSAPI "pseudo mechanism" that is used to negotiate one of a number of possible real mechanisms. SPNEGO‘s most visible use is in Microsoft‘s HTTP Negotiate authentication extension. The negotiable submechanisms include NTLM and Kerberos supported by Active Directory. At present HttpClient only supports the Kerberos sub-mechanism.
- Kerberos: Kerberos authentication implementation.
Credentials Provider
Credentials providers are intended to maintain a set of user credentials and to be able to produce user credentials for a particular authentication scope. Authentication scope consists of a host name, a port number, a realm name and an authentication scheme name. When registering credentials with the credentials provider one can provide a wild card (any host, any port, any realm, any scheme) instead of a concrete attribute value. The credentials provider is then expected to be able to find the closest match for a particular scope if the direct match cannot be found.
HttpClient can work with any physical representation of a credentials provider that implements the CredentialsProvider interface. The default CredentialsProvider implementation called BasicCredentialsProvider is a simple implementation backed by a java.util.HashMap.
CredentialsProvider credsProvider = new BasicCredentialsProvider();
credsProvider.setCredentials(
new AuthScope("somehost", AuthScope.ANY_PORT),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials("u1", "p1"));
credsProvider.setCredentials(
new AuthScope("somehost", 8080),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials("u2", "p2"));
credsProvider.setCredentials(
new AuthScope("otherhost", 8080, AuthScope.ANY_REALM, "ntlm"),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials("u3", "p3"));
System.out.println(credsProvider.getCredentials(new AuthScope("somehost", 80, "realm", "basic")));
System.out.println(credsProvider.getCredentials(new AuthScope("somehost", 8080, "realm", "basic")));
System.out.println(credsProvider.getCredentials(new AuthScope("otherhost", 8080, "realm", "basic")));
System.out.println(credsProvider.getCredentials(new AuthScope("otherhost", 8080, null, "ntlm")));
stdout >
[principal: u1] [principal: u2] null [principal: u3]
HTTP Authentication and Execution Context
HttpClient relies on the AuthState class to keep track of detailed information about the state of the authentication process. HttpClient creates two instances of AuthState in the course of HTTP request execution: one for target host authentication and another one for proxy authentication. In case the target server or the proxy require user authentication the respective AuthScope instance will be populated with the AuthScope, AuthScheme and Crednetials used during the authentication process. The AuthState can be examined in order to find out what kind of authentication was requested, whether a matching AuthScheme implementation was found and whether the credentials provider managed to find user credentials for the given authentication scope.
In the course of HTTP request execution HttpClient adds the following authentication related objects to the execution context:
- Lookup instance representing the actual authentication scheme registry. The value of this attribute set in the local context takes precedence over the default one.
- CredentialsProvider instance representing the actual credentials provider. The value of this attribute set in the local context takes precedence over the default one.
- AuthState instance representing the actual target authentication state. The value of this attribute set in the local context takes precedence over the default one.
- AuthState instance representing the actual proxy authentication state. The value of this attribute set in the local context takes precedence over the default one.
- AuthCache instance representing the actual authentication data cache. The value of this attribute set in the local context takes precedence over the default one.
The local HttpContext object can be used to customize the HTTP authentication context prior to request execution, or to examine its state after the request has been executed:
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = <...>
CredentialsProvider credsProvider = <...>
Lookup<AuthSchemeProvider> authRegistry = <...>
AuthCache authCache = <...>
HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create();
context.setCredentialsProvider(credsProvider);
context.setAuthSchemeRegistry(authRegistry);
context.setAuthCache(authCache);
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://somehost/");
CloseableHttpResponse response1 = httpclient.execute(httpget, context);
<...>
AuthState proxyAuthState = context.getProxyAuthState();
System.out.println("Proxy auth state: " + proxyAuthState.getState());
System.out.println("Proxy auth scheme: " + proxyAuthState.getAuthScheme());
System.out.println("Proxy auth credentials: " + proxyAuthState.getCredentials());
AuthState targetAuthState = context.getTargetAuthState();
System.out.println("Target auth state: " + targetAuthState.getState());
System.out.println("Target auth scheme: " + targetAuthState.getAuthScheme());
System.out.println("Target auth credentials: " + targetAuthState.getCredentials());
Caching of Authentication Data
As of version 4.1 HttpClient automatically caches information about hosts it has successfully authenticated with. Please note that one must use the same execution context to execute logically related requests in order for cached authentication data to propagate from one request to another. Authentication data will be lost as soon as the execution context goes out of scope.
Preemptive Authentication
HttpClient does not support preemptive authentication out of the box, because if misused or used incorrectly the preemptive authentication can lead to significant security issues, such as sending user credentials in clear text to an unauthorized third party. Therefore, users are expected to evaluate potential benefits of preemptive authentication versus security risks in the context of their specific application environment.
Nonetheless one can configure HttpClient to authenticate preemptively by prepopulating the authentication data cache.
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = <...>
HttpHost targetHost = new HttpHost("localhost", 80, "http");
CredentialsProvider credsProvider = new BasicCredentialsProvider();
credsProvider.setCredentials(
new AuthScope(targetHost.getHostName(), targetHost.getPort()),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials("username", "password"));
// Create AuthCache instance
AuthCache authCache = new BasicAuthCache();
// Generate BASIC scheme object and add it to the local auth cache
BasicScheme basicAuth = new BasicScheme();
authCache.put(targetHost, basicAuth);
// Add AuthCache to the execution context
HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create();
context.setCredentialsProvider(credsProvider);
context.setAuthCache(authCache);
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("/");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(targetHost, httpget, context);
try {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
} finally {
response.close();
}
}