实验数据
使用 -DSPACEDATA 选项提供编译空间数据，使用 -DTIMEDATA 选项提供编译时间数据，使用 -DLPRINT 编译行打印，使用 -DNOPRINT 则不打印数据。 请注意：‘---------------’ 行之间的行是命令和它生成的输出。
子节点级别数为 7 且树深度为 3 的两种类型的正常打印
--------------- >a.out -l3 -c7 queue based, allocated for queue size 50 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based a0123456ABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFG printing stack based a0123456ABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFG printing done ---------------
打印基于堆栈的 BFS 方法的逐行输出
---------------- >gcc -DLPRINT -lm stackbasedBFS.c >./a.out -l3 -c7 queue based, allocated for queue size 50 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based a0123456ABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFG printing stack based a 0123456 ABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFG printing done ----------------
打印空间数据和时间数据
--------------- >./a.out -l5 -c2 queue based, allocated for queue size 17 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based a01ABABabababab0101010101010101 queue based, queue usage size 16 diff time 0 sec 26 micro printing stack based a01ABABabababab0101010101010101 stack used 128 diff time 0 sec 14 micro printing done ---------------
空间和时间分析
-------------- > cc -DNOPRINT -DSPACEDATA -DTIMEDATA -lm stackbasedBFS.c > ./a.out -l10 -c10 queue based, allocated for queue size 1000000001 ,each node size 4 bytes > ./a.out -l10 -c9 queue based, allocated for queue size 387420490 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based Segmentation fault > ./a.out -l9 -c10 queue based, allocated for queue size 100000001 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based queue based, queue usage size 100000000 diff time 28 sec 490083 micro printing stack based stack used 256 diff time 1 sec 469060 micro printing done > ./a.out -l5 -c10 queue based, allocated for queue size 10001 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based queue based, queue usage size 10000 diff time 0 sec 2891 micro printing stack based stack used 128 diff time 0 sec 164 micro printing done > ./a.out -l10 -c7 queue based, allocated for queue size 40353608 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based queue based, queue usage size 40353607 diff time 11 sec 874163 micro printing stack based stack used 288 diff time 0 sec 788580 micro printing done > ./a.out -l20 -c2 queue based, allocated for queue size 524289 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based queue based, queue usage size 524288 diff time 0 sec 333929 micro printing stack based stack used 608 diff time 0 sec 40476 micro printing done > ./a.out -l25 -c2 queue based, allocated for queue size 16777217 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based queue based, queue usage size 16777216 diff time 10 sec 635081 micro printing stack based stack used 768 diff time 1 sec 482634 micro printing done > ./a.out -l30 -c2 queue based, allocated for queue size 536870913 ,each node size 4 bytes allocation failed, exiting > ./a.out -l28 -c2 queue based, allocated for queue size 134217729 ,each node size 4 bytes allocation failed, exiting > ./a.out -l27 -c2 queue based, allocated for queue size 67108865 ,each node size 4 bytes printing queue based queue based, queue usage size 67108864 diff time 43 sec 22479 micro printing stack based stack used 832 diff time 5 sec 773319 micro printing done -----------------
在空间分析中，我们可考虑最糟糕的场景，也就是 9 级和 10 个子节点。这里，基于队列的方法所使用的节点数量为 100,000,000，如果每个节点 4 个字节，累计内存大小为 100000000*4=400 MB(arr)。基于堆栈的方法使用的内存为 256 字节。在此程序中，它仅计算 8 级，而不是 9 级。对于 9 级，合计为 (9/8)*256=288，也就是每级 288/9=32 字节。在下一节中，我们将证明理想情况下这一数据为 20 字节（其中没有局部变量）。
在时间分析中，我们可考虑最糟的场景，也就是 27 级和 2 个子节点。基于队列的方法花费的时间为 42 秒和 22,479 微秒。基于堆栈的方法花费的时间为 5 秒和 773,319 微秒。
在这里，我们将讨论一下树的每个级别所用的 32 字节。
----------------
> gdb
GNU gdb 6.3
Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu".
(gdb) file a.out
Reading symbols from /home/pravinsi/a.out...done.
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/tls/libthread_db.so.1".
(gdb) b printtree
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048802: file stackbasedBFS.c, line 79.
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/pravinsi/a.out
queue based, allocated for queue size 50 ,each node size 4 bytes
printing queue based
a0123456ABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFGABCDEFG
queue based, queue usage size 49
diff time 0 sec 82 micro
printing stack based
Breakpoint 1, printtree (node=0x804b008, target=0, level=0) at stackbasedBFS.c:79
79 __asm__("movl %%ebp, %0;" : "=r" ( i));
(gdb) c
Continuing.
Breakpoint 1, printtree (node=0x804b008, target=1, level=0) at stackbasedBFS.c:79
79 __asm__("movl %%ebp, %0;" : "=r" ( i));
(gdb) bt
#0 printtree (node=0x804b008, target=1, level=0) at stackbasedBFS.c:79
#1 0x080488d6 in printbfstree (root=0x804b008) at stackbasedBFS.c:99
#2 0x08048f51 in main (argc=1, argv=0xbffff894) at stackbasedBFS.c:216
(gdb) c
Continuing.
Breakpoint 1, printtree (node=0x804b018, target=1, level=1) at stackbasedBFS.c:79
79 __asm__("movl %%ebp, %0;" : "=r" ( i));
(gdb) bt
#0 printtree (node=0x804b018, target=1, level=1) at stackbasedBFS.c:79
#1 0x0804886c in printtree (node=0x804b008, target=1, level=0) at stackbasedBFS.c:84
#2 0x080488d6 in printbfstree (root=0x804b008) at stackbasedBFS.c:99
#3 0x08048f51 in main (argc=1, argv=0xbffff894) at stackbasedBFS.c:216
(gdb) f 1
#1 0x0804886c in printtree (node=0x804b008, target=1, level=0) at stackbasedBFS.c:84
84 for(i=0;i<CCOUNT;i++) if(printtree(node->child+i,target,level+1) ) returnval=true;
(gdb) info reg ebp
ebp 0xbffff7a8 0xbffff7a8
(gdb) f 0
#0 printtree (node=0x804b018, target=1, level=1) at stackbasedBFS.c:79
79 __asm__("movl %%ebp, %0;" : "=r" ( i));
(gdb) info reg ebp
ebp 0xbffff788 0xbffff788
(gdb) x/10x 0xbffff788
0xbffff788: 0xbffff7a8 0x0804886c 0x0804b018 0x00000001
0xbffff798: 0x00000001 0x08048d5b 0x000490cf 0x00000000
0xbffff7a8: 0xbffff7c8 0x080488d6
(gdb) x 0x0804886c
0x804886c <printtree+112>: 0x8410c483
(gdb) x 0x08048d5b
0x8048d5b <BFS+413>: 0xc910c483
-----------------
可以看到，两个连续基址指针（也就是 0xbffff7a8 和 0xbffff788）之间的内存区域为：
0xbffff788: 0xbffff7a8 0x0804886c 0x0804b018 0x00000001 0xbffff798: 0x00000001 0x08048d5b 0x000490cf 0x00000000 0xbffff7a8: 0xbffff7c8
一个基址指针 (0xbffff7a8) 与下一个基址指针 (0xbffff788) 之间相差 32 字节。其中两个是局部变量 0x00000000(‘i‘) 和 0x000490cf(‘returnval‘)，一个是缓存的数据 0x08048d5b。如果我们删除实现细节，仅查看一般内存使用，那么结果为每个级别 8-3=5. 5*4=20 字节。
读者练习
由于函数递归方法在内部使用了堆栈，所以另一种方法是显式使用堆栈而不是使用函数递归。读者可练习使用另一种非递归方法。它可以节省更多的内存。
结束语
实验数据符合我们的理论假设。我们已说明，在本文中提供的示例程序中，基于堆栈的 BFS 的树的每个级别占 32 字节，其中有 8 字节是算法树递归函数的局部变量。对于以另一种方式实现的树，编程人员可选择排除 8 字节的局部变量。同时，在此示例中，我们的二叉树中每个级别有 32 字节，总共 27 级，使用了 864 字节。但是，基于队列的 BFS 使用了 67108864*4 字节（约 256 MB）。这是一笔重大的空间节省。实验数据在时间方面仍然具有优势（这是一种新方法）。在最糟糕的情况下，基于堆栈的 BFS 花费了 5.7 秒，而基于队列的 BFS 花费了 43 秒。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define CCOUNT 7
#define false 0
#define true 1
typedef char bool;
typedef struct NODE {
char data;
struct NODE* child;
}NODE;
/*Tree Intializatin routine ** Not part of the algorithm*/
NODE* initializetree(NODE* root, int childrencount, int level) {
int i;
static int si;
if(root == NULL) {
si=level;
root=(NODE*)malloc(sizeof(NODE));
root->data=‘a‘;
root->child=NULL;
}
if(--level == 0) return root;
root->child=(NODE*)malloc(childrencount * sizeof(NODE));
for(i=0;i<childrencount;i++){
(root->child+i)->data=((si+1-level)%3?((si-level)%3?48:97):65)+i;
(root->child+i)->child=NULL;
initializetree(root->child+i,childrencount,level);
}
return root;
}
/*Tree deallocation routine ** Not part of the algorithm*/
bool deallocatetree(NODE* root,int level) {
int i;
if(root == NULL) return false;
if(root->child != NULL) {
for(i=0;i<CCOUNT;i++) if(deallocatetree(root->child+i,level+1)) break;
}else {
free(root);
return true;
}
if(i == CCOUNT) free(root->child);
if(level == 1) free(root);
return false;
}
/*BFS sub routine*/
bool printtree(NODE* node, int target, int level) {
int i;
bool returnval=false;
if (target > level) {
for(i=0;i<CCOUNT;i++) if(printtree(node->child+i,target,level+1) ) returnval=true;
}
else {
printf("%c",(node->data));
if(node->child != NULL) returnval=true;
}
return returnval;
}
/*BFS routine*/
void printbfstree(NODE* root) {
if(root == NULL) return;
int target=0;
while(printtree(root,target++,0)) {
printf("\n");
}
}
/*Main routine*/
int main(int argc, char **argv){
int c;
int desiredlevel=3;
while ((c=getopt(argc, argv, "hl:")) != -1)
switch(c) {
case ‘l‘ :
desiredlevel=atoi(optarg);
break;
case ‘h‘ :
printf("stackbasedBFS [-l level] [-h]\n");
return -1;
}
NODE* root=NULL;
root=initializetree(NULL,CCOUNT,desiredlevel);
printbfstree(root);
deallocatetree(root,1);
return 0;
}
时间： 2024-12-14 18:45:38