.NET的堆和栈03,引用类型对象拷贝以及内存分配

在" .NET的堆和栈01,基本概念、值类型内存分配"中，了解了"堆"和"栈"的基本概念，以及值类型的内存分配。我们知道：当执行一个方法的时候，值类型实例会在"栈"上分配内存，而引用类型实例会在"堆"上分配内存，当方法执行完毕，"栈"上的实例由操作系统自动释放，"堆"上的实例由.NET Framework的GC进行回收。

在" .NET的堆和栈02,值类型和引用类型参数传递以及内存分配"中，我们了解了值类型参数和引用类型参数在传递时的内存分配情况。

而本篇的重点要放在：引用类型对象拷贝以及内存分配。

主要包括：
■ 引用类型对象拷贝成员都是值类型
■ 引用类型对象拷贝包含引用类型成员

引用类型对象拷贝成员都是值类型

public struct Shoe{
               public string Color;
           }

           public class Dude
           {
                public string Name;
                public Shoe RightShoe;
                public Shoe LeftShoe;

                public Dude CopyDude()
                {
                     Dude newPerson = new Dude();
                     newPerson.Name = Name;
                     newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe;
                     newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe;

                     return newPerson;
                }

                public override string ToString()
                {
                     return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color  +
                         " shoe on my right foot, and a " +
                          LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot.");
                }

           }

           public static void Main()
           {
                  Dude Bill = new Dude();
                  Bill.Name = "Bill";
                  Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();
                  Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();
                  Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

                  Dude Ted =  Bill.CopyDude();
                  Ted.Name = "Ted";
                  Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

                  Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());
                  Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());
           }

输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

以上，当引用类型的属性、成员都是值类型的时候，拷贝是完全拷贝。

引用类型对象拷贝包含引用类型成员

把Shoe由struct值类型改成引用类型class。

public class Shoe{
               public string Color;
           }

再次运行，输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

当Dude类包含引用类型属性Shoe的时候，在托管堆上的情况是这样的：

拷贝后，2个Dude的Shoe类型的属性指向了同一个托管堆内的Shoe实例，改变Shoe的值会同时影响到2个Dude。

很显然，这不是我们期望的完全拷贝，如果做到完全拷贝呢？
--实现ICloneable接口

ICloneable接口的Clone()方法，允许我们在拷贝的时候，进行一些自定义设置。

让引用类Shoe实现ICloneable接口。

public class Shoe : ICloneable
             {
                  public string Color;

                  public object Clone()
                  {
                      Shoe newShoe = new Shoe();
                      newShoe.Color = Color.Clone() as string;
                      return newShoe;
                  }
             }

以上，Shoe的string类型属性Color之所以可以使用Color.Clone()方法，是因为string也实现了ICloneable接口；又由于Clone()返回类型是object，所以，在使用Color.Clone()方法之后，需要把object转换成string类型。

现在，在Dude类的CopyDude()方法中，当拷贝Shoe类型属性的时候，就可以使用Shoe独有的拷贝方法Clone()。

public Dude CopyDude()
                {
                    Dude newPerson = new Dude();
                     newPerson.Name = Name;
                     newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe;
                     newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

                     return newPerson;
                }

客户端程序。

public static void Main()
           {
                  Dude Bill = new Dude();
                  Bill.Name = "Bill";
                  Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();
                  Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();
                  Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

                  Dude Ted =  Bill.CopyDude();
                  Ted.Name = "Ted";
                  Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

                  Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());
                  Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());            

           }

输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

这正是我们期望的完全拷贝！

完全拷贝，托管堆上的情况是这样的：

当然也可以让同时包含值类型和引用类型成员，同时需要拷贝的类实现ICloneable接口。

public class Dude: ICloneable
           {
                public string Name;
                public Shoe RightShoe;
                public Shoe LeftShoe;

                public override string ToString()
                {
                     return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color  +
                         " shoe on my right foot, and a " +
                          LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot.");
                    }
                  #region ICloneable Members

                  public object Clone()
                  {
                       Dude newPerson = new Dude();
                       newPerson.Name = Name.Clone() as string;
                       newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe;
                       newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

                       return newPerson;
                  }

                  #endregion
             }

客户端调用。

public static void Main()
           {
               Class1 pgm = new Class1();

                  Dude Bill = new Dude();
                  Bill.Name = "Bill";
                  Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();
                  Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();
                  Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

                  Dude Ted =  Bill.Clone() as Dude;
                  Ted.Name = "Ted";
                  Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

                  Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());
                  Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());            

           }

输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot.
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot.

也是我们期望的完全拷贝！

参考资料：
C# Heap(ing) Vs Stack(ing) in .NET: Part III

".NET的堆和栈"系列包括：