转自:http://618.io/2013/10/27/bitcoin-transaction-02/
交易的构造、签名与广播
上篇介绍了交易结构、签名等,为了更直观的认识比特币,借助bitcoind演示手动构造并广播交易的完整过程。
普通交易
1. 找出未花费的币(unspent output)
通过命令:listunspent [minconf=1] [maxconf=9999999] ["address",...]
列出某个地址未花费的币(交易),minconf
/maxconf
表示该笔收入交易的确认数范围,如果需要列出还未确认的交易,需将minconf
设置为0。
执行:
1 |
bitcoind listunspent 0 100 ‘["1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"]‘ |
输出:
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[ { "txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156", "vout" : 0, "address" : "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3", "account" : "", "scriptPubKey" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac", "amount" : 0.19900000, "confirmations" : 1 } ] |
我们找到该地址的一个未花费交易,位于交易296ea7bf981b4499…9f0a41e589132156的第0个位置。
2. 创建待发送交易
创建待发送交易,由命令:createrawtransaction [{"txid":txid,"vout":n},...] {address:amount,...}
来完成。我们将 0.1BTC发送至 1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x ,并支付 0.0001 BTC做为矿工费。输入交易的额度为 0.199 ,输出为 0.1 + 0.0001 = 0.1001 ,那么还剩余: 0.199 - 0.1001 = 0.0989 ,将此作为找零发回给自己。
执行:
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bitcoind createrawtransaction \ ‘[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0}]‘ \ ‘{"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x":0.1, "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3":0.0989}‘ |
输出:
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010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000 |
通过命令:decoderawtransaction <hex string>
,可以将此段十六进制字符串解码。
执行:
1 |
bitcoind decoderawtransaction ‘010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000‘ |
输出:
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{ "txid" : "54f773a3fdf7cb3292fc76b46c97e536348b3a0715886dbfd2f60e115fb3a8f0", "version" : 1, "locktime" : 0, "vin" : [ { "txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156", "vout" : 0, "scriptSig" : { "asm" : "", "hex" : "" }, "sequence" : 4294967295 } ], "vout" : [ { "value" : 0.10000000, "n" : 0, "scriptPubKey" : { "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG", "hex" : "76a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88ac", "reqSigs" : 1, "type" : "pubkeyhash", "addresses" : [ "1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x" ] } }, { "value" : 0.09890000, "n" : 1, "scriptPubKey" : { "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG", "hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac", "reqSigs" : 1, "type" : "pubkeyhash", "addresses" : [ "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3" ] } } ] } |
至此,一个“空白交易”就构造好了,尚未使用私钥对交易进行签名,字段scriptSig
是留空的,无签名的交易是无效的。此时的Tx ID并不是最终的Tx ID,填入签名后Tx ID会发生变化。
在手动创建交易时,务必注意输入、输出的值,非常容易犯错的是忘记构造找零输出
(如非必要勿手动构造交易)。曾经有人构造交易时忘记找零,发生了支付 200 BTC 的矿工费的人间惨剧,所幸的是收录该笔交易的Block由著名挖矿团队“烤猫(Friedcat)”挖得,该团队非常厚道的退回了多余费用。
3. 签名
交易签名使用命令:
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signrawtransaction <hex string> \ [{"txid":txid,"vout":n,"scriptPubKey":hex,"redeemScript":hex},...] [<privatekey1>,...] \ [sighashtype="ALL"] |
- 第一个参数是创建的待签名交易的十六进制字符串;
- 第二个参数有点类似创建交易时的参数,不过需要多出一个公钥字段
scriptPubKey
,其他节点验证交易时是通过公钥和签名来完成的,所以要提供公钥;如果是合成地址,则需要提供redeemScript
; - 第三个参数是即将花费的币所在地址的私钥,用来对交易进行签名,如果该地址私钥已经导入至bitcoind中,则无需显式提供;
- 最后一个参数表示签名类型,在上一篇里,介绍了三种交易签名类型;
签名之前需要找到scriptPubKey
,提取输入交易信息即可获取(也可以根据其公钥自行计算),由命令:getrawtransaction <txid> [verbose=0]
完成。
执行:
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bitcoind getrawtransaction 296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156 1 |
输出:
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{ "hex" : "01000000010511331f639e974283d3909496787a660583dc88f41598d177e225b5f352314a000000006c493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4ffffffff0160a62f01000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000", "txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156", "version" : 1, "locktime" : 0, "vin" : [ { "txid" : "4a3152f3b525e277d19815f488dc8305667a78969490d38342979e631f331105", "vout" : 0, "scriptSig" : { "asm" : "3046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d401 03cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4", "hex" : "493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4" }, "sequence" : 4294967295 } ], "vout" : [ { "value" : 0.19900000, "n" : 0, "scriptPubKey" : { "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG", "hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac", "reqSigs" : 1, "type" : "pubkeyhash", "addresses" : [ "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3" ] } } ], "blockhash" : "000000000000000488f18f7659acd85b2bd06a5ed2c4439eea74a8b968d16656", "confirmations" : 19, "time" : 1383235737, "blocktime" : 1383235737 } |
scriptPubKey
位于”vout”[0]->”scriptPubKey”->”hex”,即: 76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac 。
签名使用ECDSA算法,对其,“空白交易”签名之,执行:
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bitcoind signrawtransaction \ "010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000" \ ‘[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0,"scriptPubKey":"76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac"}]‘ |
输出:
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{ "hex" : "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", "complete" : true } |
签名后,签名值会填入上文所述的空字段中,从而得到一个完整的交易。可通过上文介绍的命令decoderawtransaction <hex string>
解码查看之。
最后一步,就是将其广播出去,等待网络传播至所有节点,约10~60秒广播至全球节点,取决与你的节点的网络连接状况。稍后一些时刻,就会进入Block中。广播由命令sendrawtransaction <hex string>
来完成。如果没有运行节点,可以通过公共节点的API进行广播,例如:blockchain.info/pushtx。
执行:
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bitcoind sendrawtransaction \ "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" |
输出:
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b5f8da1ea9e02ec3cc0765f9600f49945e94ed4b0c88ed0648896bf3e213205d |
返回的是Transaction Hash值,即该交易的ID。至此,交易构造、签名、发送的完整过程完成了。
合成地址交易
合成地址以3开头,可以实现多方管理资产,极大提高安全性,也可以轻松实现基于比特币原生的三方交易担保支付。一个M-of-N
的模式:
1 |
m {pubkey}...{pubkey} n OP_CHECKMULTISIG |
M和N需满足:
1<=N<=3
1<=M<=N
可以是1 of 1
,1 of 2
,2 of 3
等组合,通常选择N=3
:
1 of 3
,最大程度私钥冗余。防丢私钥损失,3把私钥中任意一把即可签名发币,即使丢失2把都可以保障不受损失;2 of 3
,提高私钥冗余度的同时解决单点信任问题。3把私钥任意2把私钥可签名发币,三方不完全信任的情形,即中介交易中,非常适用;3 of 3
,最大程度解决资金信任问题,无私钥冗余。必须3把私钥全部签名才能发币,适用多方共同管理重要资产,但任何一方遗失私钥均造成严重损失;
合成地址的交易构造、签名、发送过程与普通交易类似,这里只介绍如何创建一个合成地址。大神Gavin Andresen已经演示过,下面内容摘自其gist.
首先,需要三对公钥、私钥。公钥创建地址、私钥用于签名。
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# No.1 0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86 / 5JaTXbAUmfPYZFRwrYaALK48fN6sFJp4rHqq2QSXs8ucfpE4yQU # No.2 04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874 / 5Jb7fCeh1Wtm4yBBg3q3XbT6B525i17kVhy3vMC9AqfR6FH2qGk # No.3 048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213 / 5JFjmGo5Fww9p8gvx48qBYDJNAzR9pmH5S389axMtDyPT8ddqmw |
使用命令:createmultisig <nrequired> <‘["key","key"]‘>
来合成,其中key
为公钥,创建地址时仅需公钥。创建类型是2 of 3
.
输入:
1 2 |
bitcoind createmultisig 2 \ ‘["0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86","04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874","048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213"]‘ |
输出:
1 2 3 4 |
{ "address" : "3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC", "redeemScript" : "52410491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f864104865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec687441048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d4621353ae" } |
得到的合成地址是:3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC
,该地址没有公钥,仅有redeemScript
,作用与公钥相同。后续的构造、签名、发送过程与上文普通地址交易类似,略去。