实验环境:
CentOS release 6.6 (Final) 一台
IP地址:172.16.249.230
附带:CentOS release 6.6光盘镜像文件
CentOS-6.6-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso
CentOS-6.6-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso
YUM(Yellow dog Updater, Modified) 由Duke University团队,修改Yellow Dog Linux的Yellow Dog Updater开发而成,
是一个基于 RPM 包管理的字符前端软件包管理器。能够从指定的服务器自动下载 RPM 包并且安装,可以处理依赖性关系,并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包,无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。被Yellow Dog Linux本身,以及Fedora、Red Hat Enterprise Linux、CentOS、SUSE采用。
一.YUM仓库和客户端简介
YUM repository:yum仓库
存储了众多rpm包,以及包的相关元数据的文件服务器
文件服务器:
HTTP:http://ip/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
FTP:ftp://ip/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
NFS:网络文件系统,nfs://ip/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
FILE:本地,file:///centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
YUM Client :客户端
配置文件:指向仓库的位置以及各种配置信息,每个yum客户端可以有多个仓库。
缓存文件:/var/cache/yum/
二.YUM的配置文件详解
yum的配置一般有两种方式,一种是直接配置/etc目录下的yum.conf文件,另外一种是在/etc/yum.repos.d目录下增加.repo文件。
(一).关于yum.conf文件详解
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#cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/ var /cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
#yum下载的RPM包的缓存目录
keepcache= 0
#缓存是否保存, 1 保存, 0 不保存。
debuglevel= 2
#调试级别( 0 - 10 ),默认为 2 (具体调试级别的应用,我也不了解)。
logfile=/ var /log/yum.log
#yum的日志文件所在的位置
exactarch= 1
#在更新的时候,是否允许更新不同版本的RPM包,比如是否在i386上更新i686的RPM包。
obsoletes= 1
#这是一个update的参数,具体请参阅yum( 8 ),简单的说就是相当于upgrade,允许更新陈旧的RPM包。
gpgcheck= 1
#是否检查GPG(GNU Private Guard),一种密钥方式签名。
plugins= 1
#是否允许使用插件,默认是 0 不允许,但是我们一般会用yum-fastestmirror这个插件。
installonly_limit= 5
#允许保留多少个内核包。
bugtracker_url=http: //bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=19&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release
# This is the default , if you make this bigger yum won‘t see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you‘ll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
# It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don ‘t keep old packages around. If you don‘ t like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it‘s much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this ).
# metadata_expire=90m
# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
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(二).关于/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo文件详解
什么是repo文件?
repo文件是CentOS中yum源(软件仓库)的配置文件,通常一个repo文件定义了一个或者多个软件仓库的细节内容,例如我们将从哪里下载需要安装或者升级的软件包,repo文件中的设置内容将被yum读取和应用!
我们以一份系统自带的repo文件做为实例来探讨(#号后面是我加的注释):
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[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
#baseurl=http: //mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck= 1
gpgkey=file: ///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
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[base]
#方括号里面的是软件源的名称,将被yum取得并识别
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
#这里也定义了软件 仓库的名称,通常是为了方便阅读配置文件,一般没什么作用,
$releasever变量定义了发行版本,通常是 5 , 6 , 7 等数字,
这个变量根据当前系统的版本架构不同而有不同的取值,
这可以方便yum升级的时候选择 适合当前系统的软件包,以下同……
#baseurl=http: //mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#上面的一行baseurl第一个字符是 ‘#‘ 表示该行已经被注释,将不会被读取,
$basearch变量定义了系统的架构,可以是i386、x86_64、ppc等值
这一行的意思是指定一个baseurl(源的镜像服务器地址)
enabled= 1
#这个选项表示这个repo中定义的源是启用的, 0 为禁用
gpgcheck= 1 #
这个选项表示这个repo中下载的rpm将进行gpg的校验,已确定rpm包的来源是有效和安全的
gpgkey=file: ///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
#定义用于校验的gpg密钥
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三.构建YUM仓库
简要步骤说明
(一).确认文件共享方式
(二).把rpm包放置于能够被各yum客户端访问到位置
(三).创建yum仓库的元数据
createrepo命令
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#yum -y install createrepo
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为yum仓库创建元数据文件
实验案例:
在本文中我创建一个本地光盘yum来构建一个本地YUM仓库。
(一)、挂载本地光盘
#新建挂载目录
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#mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
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#挂载光盘到/mnt/cdrom 目录
#查看/mnt/cdrom 目录内容
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[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write- protected , mounting read-only
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# ls /mnt/cdrom
CentOS_BuildTag isolinux RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug- 6
EFI Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security- 6
EULA RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing- 6
GPL repodata TRANS.TBL
images RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS- 6
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(二)、配置本地YUM源
#进入/etc/yum.repos.d 目录
#查看目录内容
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#mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak
#mv CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo.bak
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#重命名上面2个文件
#对CentOS-Media.repo 进行编辑
(三)、修改CentOS-Media.repo内容
[c6-media]
name=CentOS-$releaserver - Media
#自定义Yum源名称
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/
#本地光盘挂载路径
gpgcheck=1
#检查GPG-KEY
enabled=1
#启用Yum源
gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
#GPG-KEY路径
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[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# cat CentOS-Media.repo
[C6-Media]
name=CentOS-$releaserver-Media
baseurl=file: ///mnt/cdrom
gpcheck= 1
enabled= 1
gpgkey=file: ///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
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检查列出可用yum仓库元数据
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[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
C6-Media CentOS-$releaserver-Media 6 , 518
repolist: 6 , 518
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至此,本地YUM源配置完成,我们就可以使用yum命令来安装管理程序包了。
四.YUM命令的使用
语法: yum [options] [command] [package ...]
其中的[options]是可选的,选项包括-h(帮助),-y(当安装过程提示选择全部为"yes"),-q(不显示安装的过程)等等。[command]为所要进行的操作,[package ...]是操作的对象
1 程序包管理:安装,更新,卸载,查看信息
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直接安装包(可指定版本号)
yum install packages -y
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列出所有程序包(本地已安装和仓库中的程序包)
实例:
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[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum list |more
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Determining fastest mirrors
Installed Packages
ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4 . 1 - 3 .el6 @anaconda-Cen
tOS- 201410241409 .x86_64/ 6.6
ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4 . 1 - 3 .el6 @anaconda-Cen
tOS- 201410241409 .x86_64/ 6.6
ConsoleKit-x11.x86_64 0.4 . 1 - 3 .el6 @anaconda-Cen
tOS- 201410241409 .x86_64/ 6.6
DeviceKit-power.x86_64 014 - 3 .el6 @anaconda-Cen
tOS- 201410241409 .x86_64/ 6.6
GConf2.x86_64 2.28 . 0 - 6 .el6 @anaconda-Cen
tOS- 201410241409 .x86_64/ 6.6
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列出可用yum仓库元数据
实例:
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[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
C6-Media CentOS-$releaserver-Media 6 , 518
repolist: 6 , 518
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--disablerepo=name repolist禁用某个仓库,优先级高于配置文件定义的
--enablerepo=name repolist启用某个仓库,优先级高于配置文件定义的
yum list {all|installed|available}显示选项后可以使用globbing通配符
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清除本地所有缓存
headers, packages, metadata, dbcache, plugins, expire-cache, rpmdb, all
清除缓存的选项
实例:
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[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Cleaning repos: C6-Media
Cleaning up Everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
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手动生成yum缓存,有些慢就不帖了。
升级安装包(可指定版本号),没更新的包了!就不升级了!
降级安装包,
我先升级zsh到zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64.rpm,然后执行降级。
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# rpm -Uvh zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [ 100 %]
1 :zsh ########################################### [ 100 %]
[[email protected] dvd]# yum downgrade zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Downgrade Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================
Downgrading:
zsh x86_64 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6 C6-Media 2.1 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================
Downgrade 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 2.1 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Installing : zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6.x86_64 1 / 2
Cleanup : zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64 2 / 2
Verifying : zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6.x86_64 1 / 2
Verifying : zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64 2 / 2
Removed:
zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5
Installed:
zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6
Complete!
[[email protected] dvd]# rpm -qa zsh
zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6.x86_64
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降级成功!
卸载程序包(会一并卸载依赖包)
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yum remove|erease packages
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum remove zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================
Removing:
zsh x86_64 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6 @C6-Media 4.8 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================
Remove 1 Package(s)
Installed size: 4.8 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6.x86_64 1 / 1
Verifying : zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6.x86_64 1 / 1
Removed:
zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 7 .el6
Complete!
[[email protected] dvd]# rpm -qa zsh
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显示已安装或者未安装的指定包的信息(没有rpm -qi详细)
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum info zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
Name : zsh
Arch : x86_64
Version : 4.3 . 10
Release : 7 .el6
Size : 2.1 M
Repo : C6-Media
Summary : A powerful interactive shell
URL : http: //zsh.sunsite.dk/
License : BSD
Description : The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
: shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
: shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
: command line editing, built- in spelling correction, programmable
: command completion, shell functions ( with autoloading), a history
: mechanism, and more.
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根据关键字模糊查询包名或包的summary信息包含此KEYWORD的相关列表
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum search zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
=================================== N/S Matched: zsh ===================================
python-twisted-core-zsh.x86_64 : Tab completion for Zsh and Twisted Core
zsh-html.x86_64 : Zsh shell manual in html format
zsh.x86_64 : A powerful interactive shell
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
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查询文件谁提供了程序包安装的
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yum provides|whatprovides /path/file
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum provides /usr/bin/yum
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
yum- 3.2 . 29 - 60 .el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager
Repo : C6-Media
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/bin/yum
yum- 3.2 . 29 - 60 .el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager
Repo : installed
Matched from:
Other : Provides-match: /usr/bin/yum
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2.程序包组管理 group
列出所有包组
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum grouplist |more
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Groups:
Additional Development
Base
Console internet tools
Desktop
Development tools
Dial-up Networking Support
Directory Client
E-mail server
Fonts
General Purpose Desktop
Graphical Administration Tools
Hardware monitoring utilities
Input Methods
Legacy UNIX compatibility
Legacy X Window System compatibility
NFS file server
Network Infrastructure Server
Network file system client
Networking Tools
Performance Tools
Perl Support
Security Tools
System administration tools
Web Server
X Window System
Installed Language Groups:
--More--
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显示某包组的信息(强制安装的包,默认安装包,可选包)
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yum groupinfo “group_name"
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum groupinfo "Development tools" |more
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Group: Development tools
Description: A basic development environment.
Mandatory Packages:
autoconf
automake
binutils
bison
flex
gcc
gcc-c++
gettext
libtool
make
patch
pkgconfig
redhat-rpm-config
rpm-build
Default Packages:
byacc
cscope
ctags
cvs
diffstat
doxygen
elfutils
gcc-gfortran
--More--
信息太多省略
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CentOS6/7都支持安装程序组的命令
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yum groupinstall "group_name"
yum install @group_name
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum groupinstall "Server Platform Development"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Package zlib-devel- 1.2 . 3 - 29 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package glibc-devel- 2.12 - 1.149 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package libstdc++-devel- 4.4 . 7 - 11 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package ncurses-devel- 5.7 - 3.20090208 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1 :dbus-devel- 1.2 . 24 - 7 .el6_3.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package db4-devel- 4.7 . 25 - 18 .el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package krb5-devel.x86_64 0 : 1.10 . 3 - 33 .el6 will be installed
省略。。。。。。。
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CentOS6/7都支持移除组的命令
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yum groupremove "group_name"
yum remove @group_name
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum groupremove "Server Platform Development"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package db4-devel.x86_64 0 : 4.7 . 25 - 18 .el6_4 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: db4-devel for package : 4 :perl-devel- 5.10 . 1 - 136 .el6.x86_64
---> Package dbus-devel.x86_64 1 : 1.2 . 24 - 7 .el6_3 will be erased
---> Package glibc-devel.x86_64 0 : 2.12 - 1.149 .el6 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: glibc-devel >= 2.2 . 90 - 12 for package : gcc- 4.4 . 7 - 11 .el6.x86_64
---> Package libstdc++-devel.x86_64 0 : 4.4 . 7 - 11 .el6 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: libstdc++-devel = 4.4 . 7 - 11 .el6 for package : gcc-c++- 4.4 . 7 - 11 .el6.x86_64
省略。。。。。。
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直接升级程序包组
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yum groupupdate "group_name"
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum groupupdate "Server Platform Development"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Package zlib-devel- 1.2 . 3 - 29 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package glibc-devel- 2.12 - 1.149 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package libstdc++-devel- 4.4 . 7 - 11 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package ncurses-devel- 5.7 - 3.20090208 .el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1 :dbus-devel- 1.2 . 24 - 7 .el6_3.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package db4-devel- 4.7 . 25 - 18 .el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package krb5-devel.x86_64 0 : 1.10 . 3 - 33 .el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libselinux-devel for package : krb5-devel- 1.10 . 3 - 33 .el6.x86_64
省略
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3.其他程序管理命令
安装本地的rpm包文件,自动通过仓库解决依赖关系,还会检查包来源合法性和完整性
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yum localinstall packages
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实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum localinstall zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Local Package Process
Examining zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64.rpm: zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64
Marking zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0 : 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================
Installing:
zsh x86_64 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5 /zsh- 4.3 . 10 - 8 .el6_5.x86_64 4.8 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total size: 4.8 M
Installed size: 4.8 M
Is this ok [y/N]:
省略信息。。。。。。
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本地安装忽略合法性和完整性
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yum localinstall packages --nogpgcheck
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检查可用升级
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum check-update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
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重装程序包
列出程序包依赖关系的信息
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum deplist python
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Finding dependencies:
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
package : python.x86_64 2.6 . 6 - 52 .el6
dependency: python-libs(x86- 64 ) = 2.6 . 6 - 52 .el6
provider: python-libs.x86_64 2.6 . 6 - 52 .el6
dependency: libutil.so. 1 ()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
dependency: libdl.so. 2 ()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
provider: glibc.i686 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
dependency: libm.so. 6 ()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
dependency: libpython2. 6 .so. 1.0 ()(64bit)
provider: python-libs.x86_64 2.6 . 6 - 52 .el6
dependency: libpthread.so. 0 ()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
dependency: libc.so. 6 (GLIBC_2. 2.5 )(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12 - 1.149 .el6
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yum此前执行的命令历史
实例:
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 26 02 : 51 | Erase | 1
18 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 26 02 : 49 | Downgrade | 1 <
17 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 25 07 : 08 | Install | 1 >
16 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 25 06 : 46 | Install | 3
15 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 25 04 : 02 | Install | 1
14 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 13 : 35 | Install | 3
13 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 13 : 14 | Install | 1
12 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 12 : 13 | Install | 1
11 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 12 : 12 | Install | 10
10 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 12 : 10 | Install | 34
9 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 11 : 43 | Install | 1
8 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 11 : 12 | Install | 15
7 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 11 : 11 | Install | 1
6 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 24 08 : 58 | Install | 33 <
5 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 21 13 : 14 | Install | 1 >
4 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 12 20 : 21 | Install | 1
3 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 12 19 : 25 | Install | 1
2 | root <root> | 2014 - 11 - 12 11 : 14 | Install | 5
1 | System <unset> | 2014 - 11 - 12 09 : 42 | Install | 988
history list
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检查本地yum状态
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[[email protected] dvd]# yum check
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
check all
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检查需要很长时间。
至此程序包管理工具介绍完结!!!谢谢浏览!!!!
时间: 2024-10-10 13:58:58