中间件
下载器中间件
写中间件
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
from scrapy.http import Request
class Md1(object):
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
s = cls()
return s
def process_request(self, request, spider):
print(‘md1.process_request‘,request)
return None # 返回如果是 空就会继续往下执行下一个中间件的 process_request 方法，如果一旦有返回值就要考虑情况
"""
# 1. 返回 Response
# 返回 Response 之后会往下执行 最后一个中间件的 process_response 方法
# import requests
# result = requests.get(request.url)
# return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, status=200, headers=None, body=result.content)
# 2. 返回 Request
# 返回 Request 之后 相当于无视了这次的请求 重新回到 调制器 那边，相当于又产生了新的任务
# return Request(‘https://dig.chouti.com/r/tec/hot/1‘)
# 3. 抛出异常
# 抛出异常 必须要 有 process_exception 方法进行捕捉异常，不然会报错
# process_exception 方法在进行一系列的操作 在捕捉到异常的时候
# from scrapy.exceptions import IgnoreRequest
# raise IgnoreRequest
# 4. 对请求进行加工(*)
# 通常我们都是用于对请求加工，然后再继续下面操作不返回东西
# request.headers[‘user-agent‘] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36"
# return None
"""
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
# Called with the response returned from the downloader.
# Must either;
# - return a Response object # 返回一个 Response 来代替当前的 Response
# - return a Request object # 返回一个 Request 开启新任务
# - or raise IgnoreRequest # 返回一个 IgnoreRequest 进行异常捕捉
print(‘m1.process_response‘,request,response)
return response
def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
# Called when a download handler or a process_request()
# (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
# Must either:
# - return None: continue processing this exception
# 通常我们都是直接返回 None 就可以了
# - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain # 只要返回了 Response 当前的 process_exception 就不做操作了
# 返回 Response 表示交给下一个 中间件的 process_exception 继续处理
# - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain # 只要返回了 Request 当前的 process_exception 就不做操作了
# 返回 Request 放弃本次任务，新建任务
pass
配置文件
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#‘xdb.middlewares.XdbDownloaderMiddleware‘: 543,
# ‘xdb.proxy.XdbProxyMiddleware‘:751,
‘xdb.md.Md1‘:666, # 依旧是 0-1000 越小越优先
‘xdb.md.Md2‘:667,
}
执行顺序梳理
调度器 给 下载器的时候先走 process_request（从第一个中间件往最后一个走） 然后如果根据返回情况进行判断接下来的方向 返回 None 继续下一个中间件的 process_request 返回 Response 进入 最后一个下载中间件的 process_response 流程 返回 Request 返回 调度器开启新任务 返回 异常 进入当前中间件的 process_exception 进行异常处理 下载器 还给 爬虫的时候要走 process_response（从最后一个中间件往第一个走）然后如果根据返回情况进行判断接下来的方向 返回 None 继续上一个中间件的 process_response 返回 Response 替换当前Response 进入上一个下载中间件的 process_response 流程 返回 Request 返回 调度器开启新任务 放弃当前的任务 返回 异常 进入当前中间件的 process_exception 进行异常处理
应用场景
- user-agent # 所有的请求都加 user-agent
# 其实不需要做，默认自带一个 可以添加 user-agent 的功能
# 再 settings 中 USER_AGENT = ‘‘ 直接配置就可以实现这个功能
- 代理 # 请求代理操作
爬虫中间件
写中间件
class Sd1(object):
# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
# scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
# passed objects.
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
s = cls()
return s
def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
# Called for each response that goes through the spider
# middleware and into the spider.
# Should return None or raise an exception.
return None
def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
# Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
# it has processed the response.
# Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.
for i in result:
yield i
def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
# Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
# (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.
# Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict
# or Item objects.
pass
# 只在爬虫启动时，执行一次。
def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
# Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
# similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
# that it doesn’t have a response associated.
# Must return only requests (not items).
for r in start_requests:
yield r
配置文件
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# ‘xdb.middlewares.XdbSpiderMiddleware‘: 543,
‘xdb.sd.Sd1‘: 666, # 同爬虫中间件一样的判断机制
‘xdb.sd.Sd2‘: 667,
}
执行流程
1. 第一次启动爬虫文件封装好 request 之后 走 process_start_requests 上传给引擎
2. 引擎将封装好的 request 给调度器
3. 调度器 继续执行 给下载器
4. 下载器 下载了内容之后给 引擎
5. 引擎再给 爬虫文件的时候要走 process_spider_input
6. 爬虫文件处理完之后如果有 yield 就要在走 process_spider_output 给引擎
应用
- 深度
- 优先级
信号
使用框架预留的位置，帮助你自定义一些功能
使用实例
from scrapy import signals
class MyExtend(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
self = cls()
crawler.signals.connect(self.x1, signal=signals.spider_opened) # 绑定信号发生时允许的函数
crawler.signals.connect(self.x2, signal=signals.spider_closed)
return self
def x1(self, spider):
print(‘open‘)
def x2(self, spider):
print(‘close‘)
# 信号可选类型 from scrapy import signals 中可以看到 engine_started = object() engine_stopped = object() spider_opened = object() spider_idle = object() spider_closed = object() spider_error = object() request_scheduled = object() request_dropped = object() response_received = object() response_downloaded = object() item_scraped = object() item_dropped = object()
# settings.py
EXTENSIONS = {
‘xdb.ext.MyExtend‘:666,
}
定制命令
单爬虫运行
import sys
from scrapy.cmdline import execute
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
execute(["scrapy","crawl","chouti","--nolog"])
所有爬虫
- 在spiders同级创建任意目录，如：commands - 在其中创建 crawlall.py 文件 （此处文件名就是自定义的命令） - 在settings.py 中添加配置 COMMANDS_MODULE = ‘项目名称.目录名称‘ - 在项目目录执行命令：scrapy crawlall
# crawlall.py
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
class Command(ScrapyCommand):
requires_project = True
def syntax(self):
return ‘[options]‘
def short_desc(self):
return ‘Runs all of the spiders‘
def run(self, args, opts):
spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
for name in spider_list:
self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
self.crawler_process.start()
# settings.py COMMANDS_MODULE = "xdb.commands"
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/shijieli/p/10358611.html
时间： 2024-08-30 12:37:46