程序包管理：
包管理器：打包，包管理（安装、升级、卸载、查询及校验）
deb: debian
rpm: redhat package manager
RPM is Package Manager
程序包的组成部分：
二进制程序：/bin, /sbin,/ /usr/bin, /usr/sbin,
库文件：/lib64, /usr/lib64
配置文件：/etc
帮助文件：manual, info
RPM: REDHAT PACKAGE MANAGER
SRPM：SOURCE RPM 这个srpm里面含有源代码，它所提供的软件并没有经过编译，通常srpm的扩展名：xxx.src.rpm来命名。
文件格式 文件名格式 直接安装与否 内含程序类型 可否修改参数编译
RPM xxx.rpm 是 已编译 不可
SRPM xxx.src.rpm 否 未编译 可.
rp-pppoe - 3.1 - 5 .i386 .rpm
软件名称 软件的版本信息 发布版本次 适合的硬件平台 扩展名
安装：
rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm -ivh acl-2.2.51-12.el7.x86_64.rpm
参数：
-i：install
-v：查看详细的安装画面信息
-h:显示安装进度
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh acl-2.2.51-12.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package acl-2.2.51-12.el7.x86_64 is already installed
--nodeps：当发生软件属性依赖问题而无法安装，可使用此参数强行安装
--replacefiles：覆盖文件
--replacepkgs：重新安装某个已安装的软件
--forc：强制安装
--test：检查软件的依赖性
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64.rpm //此包依赖以下安装包
error: Failed dependencies:
OpenIPMI-libs = 2.0.19-11.el7 is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libIPMIlanserv.so.0()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libOpenIPMI.so.0()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libOpenIPMIcmdlang.so.0()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libOpenIPMIglib.so.0()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libOpenIPMIposix.so.0()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libOpenIPMIui.so.1()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libOpenIPMIutils.so.0()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
libnetsnmp.so.31()(64bit) is needed by OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7.x86_64.rpm --nodeps //使用--nodeps 强制安装
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:OpenIPMI-2.0.19-11.el7 ################################# [100%]
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -e OpenIPMI //为了以后方便，还是将此软件卸载
升级：
rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm {-F|--freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
-Uvh: 如果有旧版程序包，则升级之；如果没有，则安装之；
-Fvh: 如果有旧版程序包，则升级之；如果没有，则不安装；
--nodeps
--oldpackage：降级；
--force：
卸载：
rpm {-e|--erase} [--nodeps] [--noscripts] [--notriggers] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME ...
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -e OpenIPMI //卸载的时候，可以直接接软件名
查询：
rpm {-q|--query} [select-options] [query-options]
查询选项：
-qa: 查询本机已经安装的所有程序包；
-qf /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE: 查询此处的文件由哪个程序包安装生成；
-qc: 查询指定程序包安装生成的配置文件
-qd: 查询指定的程序包安装生成的文档
-qi: 查询指定的程序包的相关信息；
-ql: 查询程序包安装生成的所有文件的列表；
-q --scripts：查询程序包相关的脚本：
preinstall: 安装前脚本
postinstall：安装后脚本
preuninstall: 卸载前脚本
postuninstall: 卸载后脚本
-p: 查询针对是未安装的程序包文件；
-qR：列出与该软件有关的依赖软件所含的文件
所有的参数前，只有加入了p参数才是查询。
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -q logrotate //查找本机是否安装logrotate
logrotate-3.8.6-4.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -q logrotating //查找本机是否安装logrotating
package logrotating is not installed
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qi logrotate //-qi: 查询指定的程序包的相关信息；
Name : logrotate
Version : 3.8.6
Release : 4.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Tue 08 Sep 2015 12:28:07 AM CST
Group : System Environment/Base
Size : 102451
License : GPL+
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Fri 04 Jul 2014 11:34:56 AM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : logrotate-3.8.6-4.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Tue 10 Jun 2014 05:58:02 AM CST
Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : https://fedorahosted.org/logrotate/
Summary : Rotates, compresses, removes and mails system log files
Description :
The logrotate utility is designed to simplify the administration of
log files on a system which generates a lot of log files. Logrotate
allows for the automatic rotation compression, removal and mailing of
log files. Logrotate can be set to handle a log file daily, weekly,
monthly or when the log file gets to a certain size. Normally,
logrotate runs as a daily cron job.
Install the logrotate package if you need a utility to deal with the
log files on your system.
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ql logrotate //查询程序包安装生成的所有文件的列表
/etc/cron.daily/logrotate
/etc/logrotate.conf
/etc/logrotate.d
/usr/sbin/logrotate
/usr/share/doc/logrotate-3.8.6
/usr/share/doc/logrotate-3.8.6/CHANGES
/usr/share/doc/logrotate-3.8.6/COPYING
/usr/share/man/man5/logrotate.conf.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/logrotate.8.gz
/var/lib/logrotate.status
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qc logrotate //查询指定程序包安装生成的配置文件
/etc/logrotate.conf
/var/lib/logrotate.status
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qd logrotate // 查询指定的程序包安装生成的文档
/usr/share/doc/logrotate-3.8.6/CHANGES
/usr/share/doc/logrotate-3.8.6/COPYING
/usr/share/man/man5/logrotate.conf.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/logrotate.8.gz
校验：Verify
rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]
参数：
-V：后面接软件的名称，若该软件所含的文件被改动过，才会列出来
-Va：列出目前系统上所有可能被改动过的文件
-Vp：接文件名称，列出该软件可能改动的文件
-Vf：列出某个文件是否改动
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -V logrotate //如果没有内容输出，说明没有改动
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -Vf /etc/fstab
[[email protected] Packages]# vi /etc/logrotate.conf //修改/etc/logrotate.conf 里面的rotate
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -V logrotate
..5....T. c /etc/logrotate.
S file Size differs
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type)
5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs
D Device major/minor number mismatch
L readLink(2) path mismatch
U User ownership differs
G Group ownership differs
T mTime differs
P caPabilities differ
数字证书：digital signature
Centos 使用的数值证书系统为GNU计划的GnuPG （GNU Privacy Guard，GPG）
[[email protected] Packages]# ll /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 //centos的数值证书
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1690 Apr 1 06:27 /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[[email protected] Packages]# cat /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 //centos的数值证书的内容是一项随机数字
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.5 (GNU/Linux)
mQINBFOn/0sBEADLDyZ+DQHkcTHDQSE0a0B2iYAEXwpPvs67cJ4tmhe/iMOyVMh9
......
uPNL0eRx4S1G4Jn5
=OGYX
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 //导入数字证书
YUM: Yellowdog Updater Modified
1.查询功能：yum [list|info|search|provides|whatprovides]
-y:当yum等待用户输入y时自动输入
--installroot=/*/* :将该软件安装到指定的位置
search: 搜索某个软件的名称或描述重要关键字
info：同上
provides：由文件搜索软件
list：列出目前yum所管理的所有软件名称与版本
[[email protected] ~]# yum list |less // 列出目前yum所管理的所有软件名称与版本
abrt.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-addon-pstoreoops.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-addon-vmcore.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-addon-xorg.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-cli.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-console-notification.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-libs.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-python.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-retrace-client.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
abrt-tui.x86_64 2.1.11-19.el7.centos.0.3 @anaconda
acl.x86_64 2.2.51-12.el7 @anaconda
......
[[email protected] ~]# yum info python //查看python相关信息
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.zju.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.pubyun.com
Installed Packages
Name : python
Arch : x86_64
Version : 2.7.5
Release : 16.el7
Size : 79 k
Repo : installed
From repo : anaconda
Summary : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
URL : http://www.python.org/
License : Python
Description : Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
: language often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme or Java. Python includes
: modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types and
: dynamic typing. Python supports interfaces to many system calls and
: libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif, Tk,
: Mac and MFC).
:
: Programmers can write new built-in modules for Python in C or C++.
: Python can be used as an extension language for applications that need
: a programmable interface.
:
: Note that documentation for Python is provided in the python-docs
: package.
:
: This package provides the "python" executable; most of the actual
: implementation is within the "python-libs" package.
[[email protected] ~]# yum provides python //由文件搜索软件
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.zju.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.pubyun.com
python-2.7.5-16.el7.x86_64 : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
Repo : base
python-2.7.5-18.el7_1.1.x86_64 : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
Repo : updates
python-2.7.5-16.el7.x86_64 : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
Repo : @anaconda
2.安装升级
参数：
install 安装
update 升级
[[email protected] ~]# yum install python
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.zju.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.pubyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package python.x86_64 0:2.7.5-16.el7 will be updated
---> Package python.x86_64 0:2.7.5-18.el7_1.1 will be an update
--> Processing Dependency: python-libs(x86-64) = 2.7.5-18.el7_1.1 for package: python-2.7.5-18.el7_1.1.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package python-libs.x86_64 0:2.7.5-16.el7 will be updated
---> Package python-libs.x86_64 0:2.7.5-18.el7_1.1 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
==========================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==================================================================================================================
Updating:
python x86_64 2.7.5-18.el7_1.1 updates 86 k
Updating for dependencies:
python-libs x86_64 2.7.5-18.el7_1.1 updates 5.6 M
Transaction Summary
==================================================================================================================
Upgrade 1 Package (+1 Dependent package)
Total download size: 5.7 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]:
[[email protected] ~]# yum remove python //删除
3.yum的组功能
参数：
grouplist ：列出所有可使用的组列表
groupinfo ：列出组信息
groupinstall ：安装一组软件
groupremove ：删除一组软件
[[email protected] ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.zju.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.pubyun.com
Available environment groups:
Minimal Install
Compute Node
Infrastructure Server
File and Print Server
Basic Web Server
Virtualization Host
Server with GUI
GNOME Desktop
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
Compatibility Libraries
Console Internet Tools
Development Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Administration Tools
System Management
Done
YUM的配置文件
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# vi CentOS-Base.repo //以下是我本机容器内容
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
"CentOS-Base.repo" 44L, 1664C
【base】：代表容器的名称，中括号一定要存在，名字任取，但不能有两个相同的容器名称
【name】：说明这个容器的意义
【mirrorlist】：容器使用的镜像站点
【baseurl】：这个很重要，主要的事情说三遍，这就是容器的实际网址，这就是容器的实际网址，这就是容器的实际网址。mirrorlist是由yum程序自行去找镜像站点，而baseurl是指定镜像站点。
【enabled】：如果值为1，表示启动这个容器，为0则不启动
【gpgcheck】：是否查阅RPM的数字证书，为1表示查阅，0表示不查阅
【gpgkey】：数字证书公钥的存放路径
接下来我将指定ftp.twaren.net作为容器的网址。
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# vi CentOS-Base.repo //这里只演示【base】这个容器
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - lysBase //自定义容器名字
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra //添加# ，不让yum自动选择镜像站点
baseurl=http://ftp.twaren.net/Linux/CentOS/$releasever/os/$basearch/ //指定镜像站点
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1 //表示启动这个容器
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#released updates
保存退出
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum clean all //将所有容器数据清除
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum repolist all //列出yum server所使用的容器
