我们之前处理异常的时候用到过Rules,当然还有很多其他规则。Rules允许弹性的添加或者重定义测试方法的行为。测试者可以重复使用或者扩展下面的某一个Rules,也可以写一个属于自己的规则。
这里先展示一张 TestRule的类图:
基本的规则有:
1.TemporaryFolder Rule
- 该规则建立的文件或者文件夹会在测试方法结束之后自动删除(不管测试pass还是fail)。默认情况下,即使资源删不掉也不会抛出异常。
[java] view plaincopy
- import java.io.File;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
- public class RuleTest {
- @Rule
- public TemporaryFolder folder=new TemporaryFolder();
- @Test
- public void test() throws IOException {
- File aFile=folder.newFile("myfile.txt");
- File aFolder=folder.newFolder("subfolder");
- }
- }
- TemporaryFolder#newFolder(String...folderNames) 会递归深入的新建多个文件夹。
- TemporaryFolder#newFile() 会新建一个带有随机名字的文件,#newFolder() 会新建一个带有随机名字的文件夹。
- 从 4.13开始,如果测试结束之后资源不能被删除, TemporaryFolder 可以选择允许测试以 AssertionError的方式fail。但是这个特性只有在使用 #builder()的方法才可以被激活。为了向后兼容默认情况下还是不会抛出异常。
@Rule
public TemporaryFolder folder=TemporaryFolder.builder().assureDeletion().build();
2.ExternalResource Rules
- ExternalResource用来对外部资源进行管理,包括在测试之前进行外部资源准备,测试之后对测试资源进行回收等工作。在创建测试文件、连接服务器、准备数据库连接等情况下用的比较多。
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- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import org.junit.rules.ExternalResource;
- public class RuleTest2 {
- @Rule
- public ExternalResource external = new ExternalResource()
- {
- protected void before() throws Throwable
- {
- System.out.println("Perparing test data.");
- System.out.println("Test data is Ready!");
- }
- protected void after()
- {
- System.out.println("Cleaning test data.");
- }
- };
- @Test
- public void test1()
- {
- System.out.println("Test 1 executing...");
- }
- @Test
- public void test2()
- {
- System.out.println("Test 2 executing...");
- }
- @Test
- public void test3()
- {
- System.out.println("Test 3 executing...");
- }
- }
运行结果:
Perparing test data.
Test data is Ready!
Test 1 executing...
Cleaning test data.
Perparing test data.
Test data is Ready!
Test 2 executing...
Cleaning test data.
Perparing test data.
Test data is Ready!
Test 3 executing...
Cleaning test data.
3. ErrorCollector Rule
- 继承自下面的Verifier Rule。ErrorCollector
规则允许测试在第一个问题出现的时候继续执行,然后执行完之后一次性汇报结果。比如说测试一个表格里的所有的行,在第一行发现错误之后继续执行,直到所有
的错误都发现才停止,然后一次性汇报所有的结果。
[java] view plaincopy
- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import org.junit.rules.ErrorCollector;
- public class TestRule3 {
- @Rule
- public ErrorCollector collector=new ErrorCollector();
- @Test
- public void test() {
- collector.addError(new Throwable("first things went wrong!"));
- collector.addError(new Throwable("second things went wrong!"));
- }
- }
运行结果:
4. Verifier Rule
- 它是ErrorCollector的父类。当每个测试结束之后会执行ErrorCollector的verify方法,如果执行不通过这个测试会被标记为fail。
[java] view plaincopy
- import static org.junit.Assert.*;
- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import org.junit.rules.Verifier;
- public class RuleTest4 {
- String sequence="";
- @Rule
- public Verifier collector=new Verifier(){
- @Override
- protected void verify(){
- System.out.println("this is verify...");
- assertEquals("test verify ",sequence);
- }
- };
- @Test
- public void test01(){
- System.out.println("this is testing 01...");
- sequence += "test ";
- }
- @Test
- public void test02(){
- System.out.println("this is testing 02...");
- sequence="test verify ";
- }
- }
测试结果:
this is testing 01...
this is verify...
this is testing 02...
this is verify...
test01为 fail,而test02 pass。
5. TestWatchman/TestWatcher Rules
- 从4.9版本开始,TestWatcher开始代替 TestWatchman。TestWatcher实现了TestRule类,而不是MethodRule类。
- TestWatchman从4.7版本开始引入,它使用 MethodRule,而MethodRule目前已经弃用。
- TestWatcher
不会改变测试的任何行为,提供了
succeeded、failed、skipped、starting、finished方法用来监控一个测试方法生命周期的各个阶段,所有方法都包含一
个 org.junit.runner.Description 类型的参数用来描述当前执行的测试。
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- import static org.junit.Assert.*;
- import org.junit.AfterClass;
- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import org.junit.internal.AssumptionViolatedException;
- import org.junit.rules.TestWatcher;
- import org.junit.runner.Description;
- import org.junit.runners.model.Statement;
- public class RuleTest5 {
- private static String watchedLog="";
- @Rule
- public TestWatcher watchman=new TestWatcher(){
- @Override
- public Statement apply(Statement base,Description description){
- return super.apply(base,description);
- }
- @Override
- protected void succeeded(Description description) {
- watchedLog += description.getDisplayName() + " " + "success!\n";
- }
- @Override
- protected void failed(Throwable e, Description description) {
- watchedLog += description.getDisplayName() + " " + e.getClass().getSimpleName() + "\n";
- }
- @Override
- protected void skipped(AssumptionViolatedException e, Description description) {
- watchedLog += description.getDisplayName() + " " + e.getClass().getSimpleName() + "\n";
- }
- @Override
- protected void starting(Description description) {
- super.starting(description);
- }
- @Override
- protected void finished(Description description) {
- super.finished(description);
- }
- };
- @Test
- public void fails() {
- fail();
- }
- @Test
- public void succeeds(){
- }
- @AfterClass
- public static void printlog(){
- System.out.println(watchedLog);
- }
- }
测试结果:
succeeds(com.junit.org.RuleTest5) success!
fails(com.junit.org.RuleTest5) AssertionError
在每一条测试执行完之后,分别调用了 succeeded()和failed()方法对 watchedLog进行处理。当然我们还可以在监控方法里做一些其他的事情。
6. TestName Rule
- 有了这条规则,即使在测试方法内部我们也可以引用方法名。
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- import static org.junit.Assert.*;
- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import org.junit.rules.TestName;
- public class RuleTest6 {
- @Rule
- public TestName name=new TestName();
- @Test
- public void testA(){
- assertEquals("testA",name.getMethodName());
- }
- @Test
- public void testB(){
- assertEquals("testB",name.getMethodName());
- }
- }
7. Timeout Rule
- 参考“七 Timeout for tests" 。
8. ExpectedException Rules
- 参考 ” 四 Exception testing"。
9. ClassRule
@ClassRule 注释扩展了方法级别的规则,它增加了一些静态属性,从而影响整个类。ParentRunner 的任何子类,包括 BlockJUnit4ClassRunner 和 Suite类,都支持 @ClassRule S.
比如说,将ExternalResource 从 @Rule 变成 @ ClassRule,则在整个类里的测试执行过程中它只会执行一次,也就是所有的测试类开始之前会执行 before(),所有的测试类执行结束之后会执行 after()。
[java] view plaincopy
- import org.junit.ClassRule;
- import org.junit.rules.ExternalResource;
- import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
- import org.junit.runners.Suite;
- import org.junit.runners.Suite.SuiteClasses;
- @RunWith(Suite.class)
- @SuiteClasses({RuleTest.class,RuleTest2.class,RuleTest3.class})
- public class TestSuite01 {
- @ClassRule
- public static ExternalResource resource= new ExternalResource() {
- @Override
- protected void before() throws Throwable {
- System.out.println("Before Class testing ......");
- };
- @Override
- protected void after() {
- System.out.println("After Class testing......");
- };
- };
- }
测试执行结果:
Before Class testing ......
Test Method 1 executing...
Test Method 2 executing...
Test Method 3 executing...
After Class testing......
可以看到,整个过程中ClassRule只执行了一遍。
10 RuleChain
RuleChain 规则允许制定 TestRule的顺序。RuleChain提供一种将多个TestRule串在一起执行的机制,它首先从outChain()方法开始创建一个最外层的TestRule创建的Statement,而后调用round()方法,不断向内层添加TestRule创建的Statement。
[java] view plaincopy
- public static class UseRuleChain {
- @Rule
- public TestRule chain= RuleChain
- .outerRule(new LoggingRule("outer rule"))
- .around(new LoggingRule("middle rule"))
- .around(new LoggingRule("inner rule"));
- @Test
- public void example() {
- assertTrue(true);
- }
- }
测试结果:
starting outer rule
starting middle rule
starting inner rule
finished inner rule
finished middle rule
finished outer rule
11 Custom Rules
扩展 ExternalResource 规则可以实现大部分需要个性化定制的规则。如果想要获取更过测试类的信息,则需要实现 TestRule接口。
[java] view plaincopy
- import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
- import org.junit.runner.Description;
- import org.junit.runners.model.Statement;
- public class IdentityRule implements TestRule {
- @Override
- public Statement apply(final Statement base, final Description description) {
- return base;
- }
- }
上面只是一个简单的实现。我们还可以在实现TestRule接口的时候建立自己的构造器、添加测试方法、将提供的Statemetn包装成一个新的Statement。
TestRule的一个实现:
[java] view plaincopy
- import java.util.logging.Logger;
- import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
- import org.junit.runner.Description;
- import org.junit.runners.model.Statement;
- public class TestLogger implements TestRule {
- private Logger logger;
- public Logger getLogger() {
- return this.logger;
- }
- @Override
- public Statement apply(final Statement base, final Description description) {
- return new Statement() {
- @Override
- public void evaluate() throws Throwable {
- logger = Logger.getLogger(description.getTestClass().getName() + ‘.‘ + description.getDisplayName());
- try {
- base.evaluate();
- } finally {
- logger = null;
- }
- }
- };
- }
- }
测试中使用:
[java] view plaincopy
- import java.util.logging.Logger;
- import com.junit.org.TestLogger;
- import org.junit.Rule;
- import org.junit.Test;
- public class MyLoggerTest {
- @Rule
- public TestLogger logger = new TestLogger();
- @Test
- public void checkOutMyLogger() {
- final Logger log = logger.getLogger();
- log.warning("Your test is showing!");
- }
- }
测试结果:
二月 03, 2015 4:59:34 下午 com.junit.org.MyLoggerTest checkOutMyLogger
警告: Your test is showing!