RAID (廉价的磁盘冗余阵列) 将多个磁盘一块使用
RAID级别:
RAID-0:
读写性能提升
没有容错性
最少磁盘 2块
RAID-1:
读性能提升、写性能有下降
可用空间:1*min(S1,S2,...)
有冗余能力
最少磁盘数:2, 2N
RAID-4:
多块数据盘异或运算值,存于专用校验盘
RAID-5:
读写性能提升
有容错能力:可以最多坏1块磁盘
最少磁盘数:3、3+
RAID-6:
读写性能提升
有容错能力,可以坏2块磁盘
最少磁盘数:4、4+
RAID-10:
读、写性能提升
可用空间:N*min(S1,S2,...)/2
有容错能力:每组镜像最多只能坏一块
最少磁盘数:4, 4+
软RAID:
mdadm 模式化工具 给软RAID提供管理界面
-C 创建
-n #: 使用#个块设备来创建此RAID;
-l #:指明要创建的RAID的级别;
-a {yes|no}:自动创建目标RAID设备的设备文件;
-c CHUNK_SIZE: 指明块大小;
-x #: 指明空闲盘的个数
-A 装配
-F 监控
-f,-r,-a 管理
-D:显示raid的详细信息
管理模式:
-f: 标记指定磁盘为损坏
-a: 添加磁盘
-r: 移除磁盘
做一个RAID-5:
首先需要磁盘4个 分区 每一个磁盘都是10G(可以你定义)
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x300a1f93
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n (添加一个分区)
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G (定义分区10G 自己定义)
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext‘d (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition ‘Linux‘ to ‘Linux raid autodetect‘
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x300a1f93
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 fd Linux raid autodetect
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sd(c,d,e) bs=1 count=512 注意在企业中最好不要用
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -l 5 -n 3 -x 1 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}1 创建RADI模式
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 不确定的话查看一下
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
4 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8 65 - spare /dev/sde1 空间磁盘
下一步格式化:
mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1
lsblk
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part
└─md1 9:1 0 20G 0 raid5
sdc 8:32 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 10G 0 part
└─md1 9:1 0 20G 0 raid5
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdd1 8:49 0 10G 0 part
└─md1 9:1 0 20G 0 raid5
sde 8:64 0 20G 0 disk
└─sde1 8:65 0 10G 0 part
└─md1 9:1 0 20G 0 raid5
下一步挂载:
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /mnt/raidmd1 创建一个挂载点
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/fstab 写入fstab 不会丢
/dev/md1 /mnt/raidmd1 ext4 defaults 0 0
mount -a 重读
df -H 查看是否挂载上
tmpfs 192M 17k 192M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 192M 0 192M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/md1 21G 79M 20G 1% /mnt/raidmd1 已经挂载上了