一、聚合函数(aggregation function)---也就是组函数
在一个行的集合(一组行)上进行操作,对每个组给一个结果。
常用的组函数:
AVG([distinct] expr) |
求平均值 |
COUNT({*|[distinct] } expr) |
统计行的数量 |
MAX([distinct] expr) |
求最大值 |
MIN([distinct] expr) |
求最小值 |
SUM([distinct] expr) |
求累加和 |
①每个组函数接收一个参数
②默认情况下,组函数忽略列值为null的行,不参与计算
③有时,会使用关键字distinct剔除字段值重复的条数
注意:
1)当使用组函数的select语句中没有group by子句时,中间结果集中的所有行自动形成一组,然后计算组函数;
2)组函数不允许嵌套,例如:count(max(…));
3)组函数的参数可以是列或是函数表达式;
4)一个SELECT子句中可出现多个聚集函数。
实验演示用表:
mysql> select * from salary_tab; +--------+---------+ | userid | salary | +--------+---------+ | 1 | 1000.00 | | 2 | 2000.00 | | 3 | 3000.00 | | 4 | NULL | | 5 | 1000.00 | +--------+---------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use TENNISmysql> show tables; +-------------------+ | Tables_in_TENNIS | +-------------------+ | COMMITTEE_MEMBERS | | MATCHES | | PENALTIES | | PLAYERS | | TEAMS | +-------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1、count函数
①count(*):返回表中满足where条件的行的数量
mysql> select count(*) from salary_tab where salary=‘1000‘; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 2 | +----------+ mysql> select count(*) from salary_tab; #没有条件,默认统计表数据行数 +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 5 | +----------+
②count(列):返回列值非空的行的数量
mysql> select count(salary) from salary_tab; +---------------+ | count(salary) | +---------------+ | 4 | +---------------+
③count(distinct 列):返回列值非空的、并且列值不重复的行的数量
mysql> select count(distinct salary) from salary_tab; +------------------------+ | count(distinct salary) | +------------------------+ | 3 | +------------------------+
2、max和min函数---统计列中的最大最小值
mysql> select max(salary) from salary_tab; +-------------+ | max(salary) | +-------------+ | 3000.00 | +-------------+ mysql> select min(salary) from salary_tab; +-------------+ | min(salary) | +-------------+ | 1000.00 | +-------------+
注意:如果统计的列中只有NULL值,那么MAX和MIN就返回NULL
3、sum和avg函数---求和与求平均
!!表中列值为null的行不参与计算
mysql> select sum(salary) from salary_tab; +-------------+ | sum(salary) | +-------------+ | 7000.00 | +-------------+ mysql> select avg(salary) from salary_tab; +-------------+ | avg(salary) | +-------------+ | 1750.000000 | +-------------+ mysql> select avg(ifnull(salary,0)) from salary_tab; +-----------------------+ | avg(ifnull(salary,0)) | +-----------------------+ | 1400.000000 | +-----------------------+
注意:要想列值为NULL的行也参与组函数的计算,必须使用IFNULL函数对NULL值做转换。
二、分组SELECT
SELECT select_expr [, select_expr ...] [FROM table_references [PARTITION partition_list] [WHERE where_condition] [GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]] [HAVING where_condition] [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ...] [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
分组SELECT的基本格式:
select [聚合函数] 字段名 from 表名
[where 查询条件]
[group by 字段名]
[having 过滤条件]
1、group by子句
根据给定列或者表达式的每一个不同的值将表中的行分成不同的组,使用组函数返回每一组的统计信息
规则:
①出现在SELECT子句中的单独的列,必须出现在GROUP BY子句中作为分组列
②分组列可以不出现在SELECT子句中
③分组列可出现在SELECT子句中的一个复合表达式中
④如果GROUP BY后面是一个复合表达式,那么在SELECT子句中,它必须整体作为一个表达式的一部分才能使用。
1)指定一个列进行分组
mysql> select salary,count(*) from salary_tab -> where salary>=2000 -> group by salary; +---------+----------+ | salary | count(*) | +---------+----------+ | 2000.00 | 1 | | 3000.00 | 1 | +---------+----------+
2)指定多个分组列,‘大组中再分小组’
mysql> select userid,count(salary) from salary_tab -> where salary>=2000 -> group by salary,userid; +--------+---------------+ | userid | count(salary) | +--------+---------------+ | 2 | 1 | | 3 | 1 | +--------+---------------+
3)根据表达式分组
mysql> select year(payment_date),count(*) -> from PENALTIES -> group by year(payment_date); +--------------------+----------+ | year(payment_date) | count(*) | +--------------------+----------+ | 1980 | 3 | | 1981 | 1 | | 1982 | 1 | | 1983 | 1 | | 1984 | 2 | +--------------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)带有排序的分组:如果分组列和排序列相同,则可以合并group by和order by子句
mysql> select teamno,count(*) -> from MATCHES -> group by teamno -> order by teamno desc; +--------+----------+ | teamno | count(*) | +--------+----------+ | 2 | 5 | | 1 | 8 | +--------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select teamno,count(*) -> from MATCHES -> group by teamno desc; #可以把desc(或者asc)包含到group by子句中简化 +--------+----------+ | teamno | count(*) | +--------+----------+ | 2 | 5 | | 1 | 8 | +--------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2、GROUP_CONCAT()函数
函数的值等于属于一个组的指定列的所有值,以逗号隔开,并且以字符串表示。
例1:对于每个球队,得到其编号和所有球员的编号
mysql> select teamno,group_concat(playerno) -> from MATCHES -> group by teamno; +--------+------------------------+ | teamno | group_concat(playerno) | +--------+------------------------+ | 1 | 6,6,6,44,83,2,57,8 | | 2 | 27,104,112,112,8 | +--------+------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
如果没有group by子句,group_concat返回一列的所有值
例2:得到所有的罚款编号列表
mysql> select group_concat(paymentno) -> from PENALTIES; +-------------------------+ | group_concat(paymentno) | +-------------------------+ | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 | +-------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3、with rollup子句:用来要求在一条group by子句中进行多个不同的分组
用的比较少点,但是有时可以根据具体的需求使用
如果有子句GROUP BY E1,E2,E3,E4 WITH ROLLUP
那么将分别执行以下分组:[E1,E2,E3,E4]、[E1,E2,E3]、[E1,E2]、[E1]、[]
注意:[ ]表示所有行都分在一组中
示例:按照球员的性别和居住城市,统计球员的总数;统计每个性别球员的总数;统计所有球员的总数
mysql> select sex,town,count(*) -> from PLAYERS -> group by sex,town with rollup; +-----+-----------+----------+ | sex | town | count(*) | +-----+-----------+----------+ | F | Eltham | 2 | | F | Inglewood | 1 | | F | Midhurst | 1 | | F | Plymouth | 1 | | F | NULL | 5 | | M | Douglas | 1 | | M | Inglewood | 1 | | M | Stratford | 7 | | M | NULL | 9 | | NULL | NULL | 14 | +-----+-----------+----------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4、HAVING子句:对分组结果进行过滤
注意:
不能使用WHERE子句对分组后的结果进行过滤
不能在WHERE子句中使用组函数,仅用于过滤行
mysql> select playerno -> from PENALTIES -> where count(*)>1 -> group by playerno; ERROR 1111 (HY000): Invalid use of group function
因为WHERE子句比GROUP BY先执行,而组函数必须在分完组之后才执行,且分完组后必须使用having子句进行结果集的过滤。
SELECT select_expr [, select_expr ...] FROM table_name [WHERE where_condition] [GROUP BY {col_name | expr} [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]] [HAVING where_condition]
!!!having子语句与where子语句区别:
where子句在分组前对记录进行过滤;
having子句在分组后对记录进行过滤
mysql> select salary,count(*) from salary_tab -> where salary>=2000 -> group by salary -> having count(*)>=0; +---------+----------+ | salary | count(*) | +---------+----------+ | 2000.00 | 1 | | 3000.00 | 1 | +---------+----------+
1)HAVING可以单独使用而不和GROUP BY配合,如果只有HAVING子句而没有GROUP BY,表中所有的行分为一组
2)HAVING子句中可以使用组函数
3)HAVING子句中的列,要么出现在一个组函数中,要么出现在GROUP BY子句中(否则出错)
mysql> select town,count(*) -> from PLAYERS -> group by town -> having birth_date>‘1970-01-01‘; ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column ‘birth_date‘ in ‘having clause‘ mysql> select town,count(*) -> from PLAYERS -> group by town -> having town in (‘Eltham‘,‘Midhurst‘); +----------+----------+ | town | count(*) | +----------+----------+ | Eltham | 2 | | Midhurst | 1 | +----------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
三、集合查询操作
union用于把两个或者多个select查询的结果集合并成一个
SELECT ... UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ... [UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...]
默认情况下,UNION = UNION DISTINCT
①进行合并的两个查询,其SELECT列表必须在数量和对应列的数据类型上保持一致;
②默认会去掉两个查询结果集中的重复行;默认结果集不排序;
③最终结果集的列名来自于第一个查询的SELECT列表
UNION ALL不去掉结果集中重复的行
注:联合查询结果使用第一个select语句中的字段名
mysql> select * from t1; +------+------+ | num | addr | +------+------+ | 123 | abc | | 321 | cba | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t2; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | A | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t1 -> union -> select * from t2; +------+------+ | num | addr | +------+------+ | 123 | abc | | 321 | cba | | 1 | a | | 2 | A | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果要对合并后的整个结果集进行排序,ORDER BY子句只能出现在最后面的查询中
注意:
在去重操作时,如果列值中包含NULL值,认为它们是相等的