1.创建一个10G分区，并格式为ext4文件系统；
(1) 要求其block大小为2048, 预留空间百分比为2, 卷标为MYDATA,默认挂载属性包含acl；
(2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录，要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行，且不更新文件的访问时间戳；
fdisk -l 查看当前磁盘分区情况
[[email protected]~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size(minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier:0x000e609a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does notend on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 1332 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1332 2351 8192000 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 2351 2611 2087936 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 2352 2479 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.8GB, 10844372992 bytes
255 heads, 63sectors/track, 1318 cylinders
Units = cylinders of16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size(minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier:0x0000000
在新增的硬盘上新建分区一个10G主分区：
[[email protected]~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device containsneither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOSdisklabel with disk identifier 0x6c5ee8d0.
Changes will remainin memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, ofcourse, the previous content won‘t be recoverable.
Warning: invalidflag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING:DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) andchange display units to
sectors (command ‘u‘).
Command (m forhelp): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number(1-4): 1
First cylinder(1-1318, default 1): 1
Last cylinder,+cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1318, default 1318): +10G
Command (m forhelp): w
The partition tablehas been altered!
Calling ioctl() tore-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] ~]#
查看创建是否成功：cat /proc/partitions
（1）：要求其block大小为2048, 预留空间百分比为2, 卷标为MYDATA, 默认挂载属性包含acl
[[email protected]~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L ‘MYDATA‘ /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12(17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=MYDATA
操作系统:Linux
块大小=2048(log=1)
分块大小=2048(log=1)
Stride=0 blocks,Stripe width=0 blocks
657408 inodes,5245206 blocks
104904 blocks(2.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystemblocks=543162368
321 block groups
16384 blocks pergroup, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes pergroup
Superblock backupsstored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600,442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000, 3981312
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal(32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocksand filesystem accounting information: 完成
查看默认挂载属性：
[[email protected]~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.41.12(17-May-2010)
Filesystem volumename: MYDATA
Last mountedon: <not available>
FilesystemUUID: 53f64cbc-fa58-495c-9bcd-89b12745bedb
Filesystem magicnumber: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision#: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystemfeatures: has_journal ext_attrresize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recov
ery extent flex_bgsparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isizeFilesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Defaultmount options: acl
Filesystemstate: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OStype: Linux
Inode count: 657408
Block count: 5245206
Reserved blockcount: 104904
Free blocks: 5123382
Free inodes: 657397
First block: 0
Block size: 2048
Fragment size: 2048
Reserved GDTblocks: 512
Blocks pergroup: 16384
Fragments pergroup: 16384
Inodes pergroup: 2048
Inode blocks pergroup: 256
Flex block groupsize: 16
Filesystem created: Wed Apr 5 18:10:34 2017
Last mounttime: Wed Apr 5 18:25:27 2017
Last writetime: Wed Apr 5 18:50:49 2017
Mount count: 1
Maximum mountcount: 27
Last checked: Wed Apr 5 18:10:34 2017
Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)
Next checkafter: Mon Oct 2 18:10:34 2017
Lifetimewrites: 226 MB
Reserved blocksuid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocksgid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extraisize: 28
Desired extraisize: 28
Journal inode: 8
Default directoryhash: half_md4
Directory HashSeed: 49adf471-138d-47cb-af38-3f1c1107891e
Journal backup: inode blocks
[[email protected] ~]#
(2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录，要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行，且不更新文件的访问时间戳；
[[email protected]~]# mkdir -p /data/mydata
[[email protected]~]# mount -o noexec,noatime /dev/sdb1 /data/mydata
2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区，并创建好文件系统，并启用之；（没有那么大空间，创建30M的swap分区）
[[email protected]~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatiblemode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) andchange display units to
sectors (command ‘u‘).
Command (m forhelp): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number(1-4): 2
First cylinder(1307-1318, default 1307):
Using default value1307
Last cylinder,+cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1307-1318, default 1318): +30M
Command (m forhelp): t
Partition number(1-4): 2
Hex code (type L tolist codes): 82
Changed system typeof partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
创建文件系统，并启用。
交换分区的启用和禁用：
创建交换分区的命令：mkswap
mkswap [OPTIONS] device
-L LABEL：指明卷标
-f：强制
启用：swapon
swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
-a：定义在/etc/fstab文件中的所有swap设备；
禁用：swapoff
swapoffDEVICE
[[email protected]~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspaceversion 1, size = 40156 KiB
no label,UUID=295c704e-0ed0-4613-b4bd-0db002a6012c
[[email protected]~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
3、写一个脚本
(1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备；
(2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息；
[[email protected]]# cat disk_test.sh
#!/bin/bash
#
echo"All disks"
fdisk -l |egrep "^Disk[[:space:]]/dev"
echo"disk partition"
df -h|egrep "/dev/sd[a-z]"
[[email protected]]#
4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同；
常见的几种：
RAID 0：硬盘轮流读写，读写性能提升，空间每块硬盘直接叠加，无容错能力，最少需要2块盘组合。增加需要2的倍数
RAID 1 : 硬盘写时每块硬盘各保存一份，读取性能提升，写性能下降，空间减半，有容错能力，一块坏，不影响另一块使用，最少2块盘，增加需要2的倍数
RAID 5: 分布式奇偶校验独立磁盘结构，数据交叉存储，读写性能提升，空间磁盘数量N-1，有容错能力，只能坏1块盘，最少需要3块磁盘组合
RAID-6：读、写性能提升，可用空间：(N-2)*min(S1,S2,...)，有容错能力：2块磁盘，最少磁盘数：4, 4+
RAID-10：读、写性能提升，可用空间：N*min(S1,S2,...)/2，有容错能力：每组镜像最多只能坏一块；最少磁盘数：4, 4+
5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1，要求有一个空闲盘，而且CHUNK大小为128k。
mdadm：模式化的工具
命令的语法格式：mdadm [mode] <raiddevice> [options] <component-devices>
支持的RAID级别：LINEAR, RAID0, RAID1,RAID4, RAID5, RAID6, RAID10;
模式：
创建：-C
装配: -A
监控: -F
管理：-f, -r, -a
<raiddevice>: /dev/md#
<component-devices>: 任意块设备
-C: 创建模式
-n #: 使用#个块设备来创建此RAID；
-l #：指明要创建的RAID的级别；
-a {yes|no}：自动创建目标RAID设备的设备文件；
-c CHUNK_SIZE: 指明块大小；
-x #: 指明空闲盘的个数；
-D：显示raid的详细信息；
mdadm -D /dev/md#
管理模式：
-f: 标记指定磁盘为损坏；
-a: 添加磁盘
-r: 移除磁盘
观察md的状态：
cat /proc/mdstat
停止md设备：
mdadm -S /dev/md#
watch命令：
-n #: 刷新间隔，单位是秒；
watch -n# ‘COMMAND‘
条件有限，使用3个磁盘100M来创建。
[[email protected]~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Device containsneither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOSdisklabel with disk identifier 0xaccd8a6e.
Changes will remainin memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, ofcourse, the previous content won‘t be recoverable.
Warning: invalidflag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING:DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) andchange display units to
sectors (command ‘u‘).
Command (m forhelp): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number(1-4): 1
First cylinder(1-512, default 1):
Using default value1
Last cylinder,+cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-512, default 512): +100M
Command (m forhelp): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L tolist codes): fd
Changed system typeof partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m forhelp): w
The partition tablehas been altered!
Calling ioctl() tore-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] ~]#
其余两个磁盘同样方法创建，得到
[[email protected]~]# fdisk -l |egrep "^/dev/sd[c-e]"
/dev/sdc1 1 101 103408 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdd1 1 101 103408 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sde1 1 101 103408 fd Linux raid autodetect
[[email protected]~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -n 2 -l 1 -c 128 -x 1 /dev/sd[c-e]1
mdadm: Note: thisarray has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store ‘/boot‘ on this device please ensurethat
your boot-loader understands md/v1.xmetadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creatingarray? y
mdadm: Defaulting toversion 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array/dev/md0 started.
[[email protected]~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Wed Apr 5 21:31:19 2017
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 103296 (100.89 MiB 105.78 MB)
Used Dev Size : 103296 (100.89 MiB 105.78 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Apr 5 21:31:21 2017
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID :798d316e:c1da5c3e:a9587515:8ea7373b
Events : 17
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1
1 8 49 1 active sync /dev/sdd1
2 8 65 - spare /dev/sde1
6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备，chunk大小为256k，格式化ext4文件系统，要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录，
而且不更新访问时间戳，且支持acl功能；
在5基础上创建，
[[email protected]~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -l 5 -n 3 -c 256 -a yes /dev/sd[c-e]1
mdadm: /dev/sdc1appears to be part of a raid array:
level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Wed Apr 5 21:31:19 2017
mdadm: /dev/sdd1appears to be part of a raid array:
level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Wed Apr 5 21:31:19 2017
mdadm: /dev/sde1appears to be part of a raid array:
level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Wed Apr 5 21:31:19 2017
Continue creatingarray? y
mdadm: Defaulting toversion 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array/dev/md1 started.
[[email protected]~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Wed Apr 5 21:43:11 2017
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 206336 (201.53 MiB 211.29 MB)
Used Dev Size : 103168 (100.77 MiB 105.64 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Apr 5 21:43:13 2017
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 256K
Name : localhost.localdomain:1 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID :23e12709:4b969199:fd6aef00:77795114
Events : 18
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1
1 8 49 1 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8 65 2 active sync /dev/sde1
格式化为ext4文件系统
[email protected]~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.41.12(17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=1024(log=0)
分块大小=1024(log=0)
Stride=256 blocks,Stripe width=512 blocks
51584 inodes, 206336blocks
10316 blocks (5.00%)reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=1
Maximum filesystemblocks=67371008
26 block groups
8192 blocks pergroup, 8192 fragments per group
1984 inodes pergroup
Superblock backupsstored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal(4096 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocksand filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem willbe automatically checked every 38 mounts or
180 days, whichevercomes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i tooverride.
要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录，而且不更新访问时间戳，且支持acl功能；
编辑 /etc/fstab 文件，添加一行信息。
/dev/md1/backup ext4 noatime,acl 0 0