（一）：进程的概念
?线程，是在进程中活动的对象。每个线程都拥有一个独立的程序计数器，进程栈和一组进程寄存器。内核调度的是线程而不是进程。在Linux中，进程和线程的区别比较微妙，一会我们通过源码来查看其两个的区别。
进程提供两种虚拟机制，虚拟处理器和虚拟内存。其中在线程之间可以共享虚拟内存，但是每个线程都拥有各自的虚拟处理器。
在linux中，创建一个进程的函数是fork()，该系统调用通过复制一个现有的进程来创建一个全新的进程。调用fork()的进程称为父进程，被创建的进程成为子进程。fork()系统调用从内核中返回两次：一次回到父进程，一次回到子进程。通常，创建新的进程都是为了立即执行新的，不同的程序，所以，在创建新的子进程之后，会接着调用exec()函数，来创建新的地址空间，并且把新的程序载入到子进程中。最终，程序通过exit()系统调用退出执行。这个函数会终结进程并将其占有的资源释放掉。父进程可以通过wait4()系统调用查询子进程是否终结，这其实使得进程拥有了等待特定进程执行完毕的能力。进程退出执行后被设置为僵死状态，直到它的父进程调用wait()或waitpid()为止。
?exec函数族：
?定义在
int execl(const char *path, const char*arg, ...);
int execlp(const char *file, const char*arg, ...);
int execle(const char *path, const char*arg , ..., char * const envp[]);
int execv(const char *path, char *constargv[]);
int execvp(const char *file, char *constargv[]);
int execve(const char *path, char *constargv[], char *const envp[]);
?其中， ?execv()函数中的参数，第一个参数const char *path为所运行成程序的地址，char *constargv[]为传递给所运行程序的参数。
下面我们看一下一个进程的创建，执行程序和终止。
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid,status;
pid = fork();
if(pid < 0){
printf("error!!
");
}else if(pid == 0){
printf("I am the child forked!!,My pid is %d
",getpid());
execv("/bin/ls","-l");
}else{
printf("I am the parent!! My pid is %d
",getpid());
waitpid(pid,&status,0);
printf("Child %d exit %d
",pid,status);
}
return 0;
}
这个仅仅就是一个简单的例子，通过这个例子，就可以扩展出更多的子进程，其实，在内核程序开始的时候，程序的创建都是这样进行的。
下面是程序的运行结果：
（二）：进程描述符以及任务结构
内核把进程的列表存放在任务队列中，该任务队列是一个双向循环链表。链表中的每一项都是类型为task_struct结构体，称之为进程描述符。该结构定义在
struct task_struct {
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
struct thread_info *thread_info;
atomic_t usage;
unsigned long flags; /* per process flags, defined below */
unsigned long ptrace;
int lock_depth; /* BKL lock depth */
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW
int oncpu;
#endif
#endif
int load_weight; /* for niceness load balancing purposes */
int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;
struct list_head run_list;
struct prio_array *array;
unsigned short ioprio;
unsigned int btrace_seq;
unsigned long sleep_avg;
unsigned long long timestamp, last_ran;
unsigned long long sched_time; /* sched_clock time spent running */
enum sleep_type sleep_type;
unsigned long policy;
cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
unsigned int time_slice, first_time_slice;
#if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT)
struct sched_info sched_info;
#endif
struct list_head tasks;
/*
* ptrace_list/ptrace_children forms the list of my children
* that were stolen by a ptracer.
*/
struct list_head ptrace_children;
struct list_head ptrace_list;
struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;
/* task state */
struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;
long exit_state;
int exit_code, exit_signal;
int pdeath_signal; /* The signal sent when the parent dies */
/* ??? */
unsigned long personality;
unsigned did_exec:1;
pid_t pid;
pid_t tgid;
/*
* pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->parent->pid)
*/
struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process (when being debugged) */
struct task_struct *parent; /* parent process */
/*
* children/sibling forms the list of my children plus the
* tasks I‘m ptracing.
*/
struct list_head children; /* list of my children */
struct list_head sibling; /* linkage in my parent‘s children list */
struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */
/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
struct list_head thread_group;
struct completion *vfork_done; /* for vfork() */
int __user *set_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
int __user *clear_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */
unsigned long rt_priority;
cputime_t utime, stime;
unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
struct timespec start_time;
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
cputime_t it_prof_expires, it_virt_expires;
unsigned long long it_sched_expires;
struct list_head cpu_timers[3];
/* process credentials */
uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid;
struct group_info *group_info;
kernel_cap_t cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted;
unsigned keep_capabilities:1;
struct user_struct *user;
#ifdef CONFIG_KEYS
struct key *request_key_auth; /* assumed request_key authority */
struct key *thread_keyring; /* keyring private to this thread */
unsigned char jit_keyring; /* default keyring to attach requested keys to */
#endif
int oomkilladj; /* OOM kill score adjustment (bit shift). */
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN]; /* executable name excluding path
- access with [gs]et_task_comm (which lock
it with task_lock())
- initialized normally by flush_old_exec */
/* file system info */
int link_count, total_link_count;
/* ipc stuff */
struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
struct files_struct *files;
/* namespace */
struct namespace *namespace;
/* signal handlers */
struct signal_struct *signal;
struct sighand_struct *sighand;
sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
sigset_t saved_sigmask; /* To be restored with TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK */
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
int (*notifier)(void *priv);
void *notifier_data;
sigset_t *notifier_mask;
void *security;
struct audit_context *audit_context;
seccomp_t seccomp;
/* Thread group tracking */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* Protection of the PI data structures: */
spinlock_t pi_lock;
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES
/* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task */
struct plist_head pi_waiters;
/* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling */
struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
/* mutex deadlock detection */
struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
unsigned int irq_events;
int hardirqs_enabled;
unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;
unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;
int softirqs_enabled;
unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_disable_event;
unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_enable_event;
int hardirq_context;
int softirq_context;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 30UL
u64 curr_chain_key;
int lockdep_depth;
struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];
unsigned int lockdep_recursion;
#endif
/* journalling filesystem info */
void *journal_info;
/* VM state */
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
struct io_context *io_context;
unsigned long ptrace_message;
siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use. */
/*
* current io wait handle: wait queue entry to use for io waits
* If this thread is processing aio, this points at the waitqueue
* inside the currently handled kiocb. It may be NULL (i.e. default
* to a stack based synchronous wait) if its doing sync IO.
*/
wait_queue_t *io_wait;
/* i/o counters(bytes read/written, #syscalls */
u64 rchar, wchar, syscr, syscw;
#if defined(CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT)
u64 acct_rss_mem1; /* accumulated rss usage */
u64 acct_vm_mem1; /* accumulated virtual memory usage */
clock_t acct_stimexpd; /* clock_t-converted stime since last update */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct mempolicy *mempolicy;
short il_next;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
struct cpuset *cpuset;
nodemask_t mems_allowed;
int cpuset_mems_generation;
int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;
#endif
struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;
#endif
struct list_head pi_state_list;
struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
atomic_t fs_excl; /* holding fs exclusive resources */
struct rcu_head rcu;
/*
* cache last used pipe for splice
*/
struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT
struct task_delay_info *delays;
#endif
};
时间： 2024-11-07 00:11:41