内核使用了大量不同的宏来标记具有不同作用的函数和数据结构。如宏__init、__devinit等。这些宏在include/linux/init.h头文件中定义。编译器通过这些宏可以把代码优化放到合适的内存位置，以减少内存占用和提高内核效率。
下面是一些常用的宏：
l __init
标记内核启动时使用的初始化代码，内核启动完成后不再需要。以此标记的代码位于.init.text内存区域。
它的宏定义是这样的：
#define __init __attribute__ ((__section__ (".text.init")))
l __exit
标记退出代码，如果驱动不是以模块存在的，则该用法无效。
l __initdata
标记内核启动时使用的初始化数据结构，内核启动完成后不再需要。以此标记的代码位于.init.data内存区
域。
l __devinit
用于标记：用于初始化设备的函数，例如：用于初始化的函数probe就是用此宏标识的。
l __devexit
用于标记：设备卸载时被调用的函数。
l __devexit_p
用于初始化由__devexit标记的函数的指针。
如果内核既支持模块也支持热拔插，则__devexit_p(fn)返回fn，否则返回NULL。
l __devinitdata
标记初始化设备数据结构的函数。
l __devexitdata与devinitdata 类似但与__devexit关联匹配
l xxx_initcall，一系列的初始化代码，按降序优先级排列。
初始化代码的内存结构
_init_begin ------------------
| .init.text | ---- __init
|-------------------|
| .init.data | ---- __initdata
_setup_start |-------------------|
| .init.setup | ---- __setup_param
__initcall_start |-------------------|
| .initcall1.init | ---- core_initcall
|-------------------|
| .initcall2.init | ---- postcore_initcall
|-------------------|
| .initcall3.init | ---- arch_initcall
|-------------------|
| .initcall4.init | ---- subsys_initcall
|-------------------|
| .initcall5.init | ---- fs_initcall
|-------------------|
| .initcall6.init | ---- device_initcall
|-------------------|
| .initcall7.init | ---- late_initcall
__initcall_end |-------------------|
| |
| ... ... ... |
| |
__init_end -------------------
初始化代码的特点是：
l 在系统启动运行，且一旦运行后马上退出内存，不再占用内存。
对于驱动程序模块来说，这些优化标记使用的情况如下：
l 通过module_init()和module_exit()函数调用的函数就需要使用__init和__exit宏来标记。
l probe()和remove()函数应该使用__devinit和__devexit标记，且只能标记probe()和remove()
l 如果remove()使用__devexit标记，则在设备驱动的数据结构中要用__devexit_p(remove)来引用remove()函数。
l 如果你不确定需不需要添加优化宏则不要随便添加。
上面谈到的内核初始化宏位于文件include/linux/init.h中：
#ifndef _LINUX_INIT_H
#define _LINUX_INIT_H
#include <linux/compiler.h>
/* These macros are used to mark some functions or
* initialized data (doesn‘t apply to uninitialized data)
* as `initialization‘ functions. The kernel can take this
* as hint that the function is used only during the initialization
* phase and free up used memory resources after
*
* Usage:
* For functions:
*
* You should add __init immediately before the function name, like:
*
* static void __init initme(int x, int y)
* {
* extern int z; z = x * y;
* }
*
* If the function has a prototype somewhere, you can also add
* __init between closing brace of the prototype and semicolon:
*
* extern int initialize_foobar_device(int, int, int) __init;
*
* For initialized data:
* You should insert __initdata between the variable name and equal
* sign followed by value, e.g.:
*
* static int init_variable __initdata = 0;
* static const char linux_logo[] __initconst = { 0x32, 0x36, ... };
*
* Don‘t forget to initialize data not at file scope, i.e. within a function,
* as gcc otherwise puts the data into the bss section and not into the init
* section.
*
* Also note, that this data cannot be "const".
*/
/* These are for everybody (although not all archs will actually
discard it in modules) */
#define __init __section(.init.text) __cold notrace
#define __initdata __section(.init.data)
#define __initconst __section(.init.rodata)
#define __exitdata __section(.exit.data)
#define __exit_call __used __section(.exitcall.exit)
/*
* modpost check for section mismatches during the kernel build.
* A section mismatch happens when there are references from a
* code or data section to an init section (both code or data).
* The init sections are (for most archs) discarded by the kernel
* when early init has completed so all such references are potential bugs.
* For exit sections the same issue exists.
*
* The following markers are used for the cases where the reference to
* the *init / *exit section (code or data) is valid and will teach
* modpost not to issue a warning. Intended semantics is that a code or
* data tagged __ref* can reference code or data from init section without
* producing a warning (of course, no warning does not mean code is
* correct, so optimally document why the __ref is needed and why it‘s OK).
*
* The markers follow same syntax rules as __init / __initdata.
*/
#define __ref __section(.ref.text) noinline
#define __refdata __section(.ref.data)
#define __refconst __section(.ref.rodata)
/* compatibility defines */
#define __init_refok __ref
#define __initdata_refok __refdata
#define __exit_refok __ref
#ifdef MODULE
#define __exitused
#else
#define __exitused __used
#endif
#define __exit __section(.exit.text) __exitused __cold notrace
/* Used for HOTPLUG */
#define __devinit __section(.devinit.text) __cold notrace
#define __devinitdata __section(.devinit.data)
#define __devinitconst __section(.devinit.rodata)
#define __devexit __section(.devexit.text) __exitused __cold notrace
#define __devexitdata __section(.devexit.data)
#define __devexitconst __section(.devexit.rodata)
/* Used for HOTPLUG_CPU */
#define __cpuinit __section(.cpuinit.text) __cold notrace
#define __cpuinitdata __section(.cpuinit.data)
#define __cpuinitconst __section(.cpuinit.rodata)
#define __cpuexit __section(.cpuexit.text) __exitused __cold notrace
#define __cpuexitdata __section(.cpuexit.data)
#define __cpuexitconst __section(.cpuexit.rodata)
/* Used for MEMORY_HOTPLUG */
#define __meminit __section(.meminit.text) __cold notrace
#define __meminitdata __section(.meminit.data)
#define __meminitconst __section(.meminit.rodata)
#define __memexit __section(.memexit.text) __exitused __cold notrace
#define __memexitdata __section(.memexit.data)
#define __memexitconst __section(.memexit.rodata)
/* For assembly routines */
#define __HEAD .section ".head.text","ax"
#define __INIT .section ".init.text","ax"
#define __FINIT .previous
#define __INITDATA .section ".init.data","aw",%progbits
#define __INITRODATA .section ".init.rodata","a",%progbits
#define __FINITDATA .previous
#define __DEVINIT .section ".devinit.text", "ax"
#define __DEVINITDATA .section ".devinit.data", "aw"
#define __DEVINITRODATA .section ".devinit.rodata", "a"
#define __CPUINIT .section ".cpuinit.text", "ax"
#define __CPUINITDATA .section ".cpuinit.data", "aw"
#define __CPUINITRODATA .section ".cpuinit.rodata", "a"
#define __MEMINIT .section ".meminit.text", "ax"
#define __MEMINITDATA .section ".meminit.data", "aw"
#define __MEMINITRODATA .section ".meminit.rodata", "a"
/* silence warnings when references are OK */
#define __REF .section ".ref.text", "ax"
#define __REFDATA .section ".ref.data", "aw"
#define __REFCONST .section ".ref.rodata", "a"
#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
/*
* Used for initialization calls..
*/
typedef int (*initcall_t)(void);
typedef void (*exitcall_t)(void);
extern initcall_t __con_initcall_start[], __con_initcall_end[];
extern initcall_t __security_initcall_start[], __security_initcall_end[];
/* Used for contructor calls. */
typedef void (*ctor_fn_t)(void);
/* Defined in init/main.c */
extern int do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn);
extern char __initdata boot_command_line[];
extern char *saved_command_line;
extern unsigned int reset_devices;
/* used by init/main.c */
void setup_arch(char **);
void prepare_namespace(void);
extern void (*late_time_init)(void);
extern int initcall_debug;
#endif
#ifndef MODULE
#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
/* initcalls are now grouped by functionality into separate
* subsections. Ordering inside the subsections is determined
* by link order.
* For backwards compatibility, initcall() puts the call in
* the device init subsection.
*
* The `id‘ arg to __define_initcall() is needed so that multiple initcalls
* can point at the same handler without causing duplicate-symbol build errors.
*/
#define __define_initcall(level,fn,id) \
static initcall_t __initcall_##fn##id __used \
__attribute__((__section__(".initcall" level ".init"))) = fn
/*
* Early initcalls run before initializing SMP.
*
* Only for built-in code, not modules.
*/
#define early_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("early",fn,early)
/*
* A "pure" initcall has no dependencies on anything else, and purely
* initializes variables that couldn‘t be statically initialized.
*
* This only exists for built-in code, not for modules.
*/
#define pure_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("0",fn,0)
#define core_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("1",fn,1)
#define core_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("1s",fn,1s)
#define postcore_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("2",fn,2)
#define postcore_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("2s",fn,2s)
#define arch_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("3",fn,3)
#define arch_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("3s",fn,3s)
#define subsys_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("4",fn,4)
#define subsys_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("4s",fn,4s)
#define fs_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("5",fn,5)
#define fs_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("5s",fn,5s)
#define rootfs_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("rootfs",fn,rootfs)
#define device_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("6",fn,6)
#define device_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("6s",fn,6s)
#define late_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("7",fn,7)
#define late_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("7s",fn,7s)
#define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)
#define __exitcall(fn) \
static exitcall_t __exitcall_##fn __exit_call = fn
#define console_initcall(fn) \
static initcall_t __initcall_##fn \
__used __section(.con_initcall.init) = fn
#define security_initcall(fn) \
static initcall_t __initcall_##fn \
__used __section(.security_initcall.init) = fn
struct obs_kernel_param {
const char *str;
int (*setup_func)(char *);
int early;
};
/*
* Only for really core code. See moduleparam.h for the normal way.
*
* Force the alignment so the compiler doesn‘t space elements of the
* obs_kernel_param "array" too far apart in .init.setup.
*/
#define __setup_param(str, unique_id, fn, early) \
static const char __setup_str_##unique_id[] __initconst \
__aligned(1) = str; \
static struct obs_kernel_param __setup_##unique_id \
__used __section(.init.setup) \
__attribute__((aligned((sizeof(long))))) \
= { __setup_str_##unique_id, fn, early }
#define __setup(str, fn) \
__setup_param(str, fn, fn, 0)
/* NOTE: fn is as per module_param, not __setup! Emits warning if fn
* returns non-zero. */
#define early_param(str, fn) \
__setup_param(str, fn, fn, 1)
/* Relies on boot_command_line being set */
void __init parse_early_param(void);
void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline);
#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
/**
* module_init() - driver initialization entry point
* @x: function to be run at kernel boot time or module insertion
*
* module_init() will either be called during do_initcalls() (if
* builtin) or at module insertion time (if a module). There can only
* be one per module.
*/
#define module_init(x) __initcall(x);
/**
* module_exit() - driver exit entry point
* @x: function to be run when driver is removed
*
* module_exit() will wrap the driver clean-up code
* with cleanup_module() when used with rmmod when
* the driver is a module. If the driver is statically
* compiled into the kernel, module_exit() has no effect.
* There can only be one per module.
*/
#define module_exit(x) __exitcall(x);
#else /* MODULE */
/* Don‘t use these in modules, but some people do... */
#define early_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define core_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define postcore_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define arch_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define subsys_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define fs_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define device_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define late_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
#define security_initcall(fn) module_init(fn)
/* Each module must use one module_init(). */
#define module_init(initfn) \
static inline initcall_t __inittest(void) \
{ return initfn; } \
int init_module(void) __attribute__((alias(#initfn)));
/* This is only required if you want to be unloadable. */
#define module_exit(exitfn) \
static inline exitcall_t __exittest(void) \
{ return exitfn; } \
void cleanup_module(void) __attribute__((alias(#exitfn)));
#define __setup_param(str, unique_id, fn) /* nothing */
#define __setup(str, func) /* nothing */
#endif
/* Data marked not to be saved by software suspend */
#define __nosavedata __section(.data..nosave)
/* This means "can be init if no module support, otherwise module load
may call it." */
#ifdef CONFIG_MODULES
#define __init_or_module
#define __initdata_or_module
#define __initconst_or_module
#define __INIT_OR_MODULE .text
#define __INITDATA_OR_MODULE .data
#define __INITRODATA_OR_MODULE .section ".rodata","a",%progbits
#else
#define __init_or_module __init
#define __initdata_or_module __initdata
#define __initconst_or_module __initconst
#define __INIT_OR_MODULE __INIT
#define __INITDATA_OR_MODULE __INITDATA
#define __INITRODATA_OR_MODULE __INITRODATA
#endif /*CONFIG_MODULES*/
/* Functions marked as __devexit may be discarded at kernel link time, depending
on config options. Newer versions of binutils detect references from
retained sections to discarded sections and flag an error. Pointers to
__devexit functions must use __devexit_p(function_name), the wrapper will
insert either the function_name or NULL, depending on the config options.
*/
#if defined(MODULE) || defined(CONFIG_HOTPLUG)
#define __devexit_p(x) x
#else
#define __devexit_p(x) NULL
#endif
#ifdef MODULE
#define __exit_p(x) x
#else
#define __exit_p(x) NULL
#endif
#endif /* _LINUX_INIT_H */