环境
CA认证中心服务端：xuegod63.cn IP：192.168.1.63
客户端：xuegod64.cn IP：192.168.1.64
CA认证中心简述
CA ：CertificateAuthority的缩写，通常翻译成认证权威或者认证中心，主要用途是为用户发放数字证书。
功能：证书发放、证书更新、证书撤销和证书验证。
作用：身份认证，数据的不可否认性
端口：443
过程：
证书请求文件:CSR是Cerificate Signing Request的英文缩写，即证书请求文件，也就是证书申请者在申请数字证书时由CSP(加密服务提供者)在生成私钥的同时也生成证书请求文件，证书申请者只要把CSR文件提交给证书颁发机构后，证书颁发机构使用其根证书的私钥签名就生成了证书文件，也就是颁发给用户的证书。
用户使用CA证书确认服务器身份过程：
一：搭建CA认证中心
配置一个自己的CA认证中心
[[email protected] CA]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf 改： 172 #basicConstraints=CA:FALSE 为：172 basicConstraints=CA:TRUE #让自己成为CA认证中心
配置认证中心，生成私钥与根证书
[[email protected] CA]# /etc/pki/tls/misc/CA -h #查看帮助 usage: /etc/pki/tls/misc/CA -newcert|-newreq|-newreq-nodes|-newca|-sign|-verify [[email protected] ~]# /etc/pki/tls/misc/CA -newca #配置一个新的CA认证中心 CA certificate filename (or enter to create) #直接回车 Making CA certificate ... Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key ....................+++ ..........................................................................+++ writing new private key to ‘/etc/pki/CA/private/./cakey.pem‘ Enter PEM pass phrase:123456 # 输入密码，保护私钥 Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:123456 #再次输入密码 ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or aDN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ---- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN #国家地区 State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing #城市 Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:haidian #当地名称 Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]: xuegod #组织名称 Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT #组织部门名称 Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:xuegod63.cn #通用名称（例如，您的姓名或您的服务器的主机名）,随便写 Email Address []:[email protected] #邮箱 Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes to be sent with your certificate request #添加一个“额外”的属性，让客户端发送CA证书,请求文件时，要输入的密 A challenge password []: #直接加车 An optional company name []:#直接加车 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf #CA服务器的配置文件。上面修改的内容会添加到这个配置文件中 Enter pass phrase for /etc/pki/CA/private/./cakey.pem: 123456 #输入刚才保护CA密钥的密码 Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok Certificate Details: Serial Number: c9:16:bb:49:48:20:ed:16 Validity Not Before: Dec 20 12:00:19 2014 GMT Not After : Dec 19 12:00:19 2017 GMT Subject（主题）: countryName = CN stateOrProvinceName = beijing organizationName = xuegod organizationalUnitName = IT commonName = shenjianming emailAddress = [email protected] X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: BF:E3:16:CC:EB:42:BD:6D:56:8E:A4:21:70:E6:72:40:0C:77:C0:C0 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:BF:E3:16:CC:EB:42:BD:6D:56:8E:A4:21:70:E6:72:40:0C:77:C0:C0 X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:TRUE Certificate is to be certified until Dec 19 12:00:19 2017 GMT (1095 days) Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated
#这里了配置CA认证中心，在里面就生成了CA认证根证书的私钥，在配置完结束之后，就会生成一个根证书，这个根证书中有这证书的 公钥
注：到此CA认证中心就搭建好了。
查看生成的CA根证书：
[[email protected] CA]#vim /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem #存在CA认证下的根证书，这里面包含了根证书的公钥。 Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: c0:1d:ed:ba:fc:7e:b4:40 Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption Issuer:C=CN, ST=beijing, O=xuegod, OU=IT, CN=shenjianming/[email protected] 63.com #CA 机构信息 Validity Not Before: May 9 11:54:20 2015 GMT Not After : May 8 11:54:20 2018 GMT Subject: C=CN, ST=beijing, O=xuegod, OU=IT,CN=shenjianming/[email protected] 163.com SubjectPublic Key Info: #CA认证中心公钥信息 Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus:
#这里查看根证书的中，我们可以看到里面存在着根证书的公钥。
查看根证书的私钥
[[email protected] CA]# vim /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem #存在CA认证下根证书的私钥 （cakey.pem）。 -----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY----- MIIFDjBABgkqhkiG9w0BBQ0wMzAbBgkqhkiG9w0BBQwwDgQI2JxR6+eEWI0CAggA MBQGCCqGSIb3DQMHBAjjVO7+mmTUuwSCBMil6B4xGLDfbskPQd++sEtyMtV8Y62l GztBjiSSNCE0amDVvhi5hG5dZpq9i/ik1Jh31DQ6siet10vm7/EZC4KSqagDsi66
二：使用证书搭建https
1、安装：httpd
[[email protected] ~]# yum install httpd [[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 改：#ServerName www.example.com:80 为：ServerName 192.168.1.64:80 [[email protected] ~]# service httpd restart
2、xuegod64生成证书请求文件
[[email protected] ~]# openssl genrsa -h #查看帮助 usage:genrsa [args] [numbits] -des encrypt the generated key with DES in cbc mode -des3 encrypt the generated key with DES in ede cbc mode (168 bit key) -idea encrypt the generated key with IDEA in cbc mode -seed encrypt PEM output with cbcseed -aes128, -aes192, -aes256 encrypt PEM output with cbcaes -camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256 encrypt PEM output with cbccamellia -out file output the key to ‘file -passout arg output file pass phrase source -f4 use F4 (0x10001) for the E value -3 use 3 for the E value -engine e use engine e, possibly a hardware device. -rand file:file:... load the file (or the files inthe directory) into the random number generator
2.1：生一个私钥密钥：
[[email protected] ~]# openssl genrsa -des3 -out /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key Generating RSA private key, 512 bit long modulus .....++++++++++++ ..............................++++++++++++ e is 65537 (0x10001) Enter pass phrase for /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key:123456 #输入保护私钥的密码 Verifying - Enter pass phrase for /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key: 123456 [[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key #查看一下私钥 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- # Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,D1CCE8B91BCAD4F4 #进行了二次加密 TlIQpxnrXh9WgLpqfqvKymsCdDDYUjvGyc2C9FOdZtEo+4B2toHGRKjyCyyRcWb7 PV9AJU5FsGyMDVDnOvTcBjYy5MPFhSPUpJ7Y5WeQBWZ6cn5Yh5OtVqQh5EyIxhVJ j1m6XOrcAVpgRDOfyH68r+mipmse95kiBAjxh2gm5OzLLJt27dFZ5XRmd7oXys0q V1SFftuN7M7DEx6Qzsut/C4teAZ64Bx3kM1RlXjAESixZUmrPyB/l12rVxd/kMQT h2gvHM40mn52iNddaXQu8EeKy9CzJUpou85154v7tlqftJ98Hg9oFxebhIhS/16f:
2.2：生成请求文件
[[email protected] ~]# openssl req -new -key /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key-out /server.csr #注意后期添加的国家，省，组织等信息要和CA保持一致 Enter pass phrase for /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key:123456 #输入私钥的密码 You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or aDN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:haidian Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:xuegod Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:xuegod64.cn #这里要求输入的CommonName必须不通过浏览器访问您网站的 URL 完全相同，否则用户会发现您服务器证书的通用名不站点的名字丌匹配，用户就会怀疑您的证书的真实性。可以使域名也可以使IP地址。 Email Address []:[email protected] Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: #不输密码直接回车 An optional company name []:
3：将证书请求文件发给CA服务器：
[[email protected] ~]# scp /server.csr 192.168.1.63:/tmp/ The authenticity of host ‘192.168.1.63 (192.168.1.63)‘ can‘t beestablished. RSA key fingerprint is f5:49:15:f3:62:37:05:0c:d5:15:ca:18:ea:c3:df:13. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.1.63‘ (RSA) to the list of knownhosts. [email protected]‘s password:123456 server.csr 100% 688 0.7KB/s 00:00
4：CA认证中心进行CA签名
[[email protected] CA]# openssl ca -h #查看CA认证中心的帮助内容 [[email protected]~]# openssl ca -keyfile /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -cert /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem-in /tmp/server.csr -out /server.crt Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf Enter pass phrase for /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem:123456 Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok Certificate Details: Serial Number: ce:60:e0:a3:fe:ee:88:09 Validity Not Before: Dec 21 14:25:53 2014 GMT Not After : Dec 21 14:25:53 2015 GMT Subject: countryName = CN stateOrProvinceName = beijing organizationName = xuegod organizationalUnitName = IT commonName = xuegod64.cn emailAddress = [email protected] X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:TRUE Netscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated Certificate X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 1B:30:0B:28:4A:31:EA:FC:05:7D:54:A3:87:A0:6E:BE:F8:D6:3C:F8 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:6D:0F:0C:C5:96:32:A8:8B:D3:FF:36:39:5B:14:5B:9B:31:12:4A:C3 Certificate is to be certified until Dec 21 14:25:53 2015 GMT (365 days) #证书有效期是365天。证书进行认证，直到12月21日十四时25分53秒格林尼治标准时间2015年（365天） Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y #注册证书 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y #确认 Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated 将证书复制到xuegod64 [[email protected] CA]# scp /server.crt 192.168.1.64:/
#这里的认证中心进行的签名是用自己的私钥进行签名，
5：CA认证中心进行颁发证书
[[email protected] ~]# scp /server.csr 192.168.1.64:/ The authenticity of host ‘192.168.1.64 (192.168.1.64)‘ can‘t beestablished. RSA key fingerprint is f5:49:15:f3:62:37:05:0c:d5:15:ca:18:ea:c3:df:13. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.1.64‘ (RSA) to the list of knownhosts. [email protected]‘s password: 123456 server.csr 100% 688 0.7KB/s 00:00
#这里再颁发之前，CA认证中心会使用自己的公钥进行加密
三：使用证书实现https
SSL：(Secure Socket Layer)安全套接字层，通过一种机制在互联网上提供密钥传输。其主要目标是保证两个应用间通信数据的保密性和可靠性,可在服务器端和用户端同时支持的一种加密算法。目前主流版本SSLV2、SSLV3(常用）。
SSL四次握手安全传输：
加密协议： SSL 3.0 或 TLS 1.0
C -------------------------------------------------> S 1. 请求一个安全的会话，协商算法
C <------------------------------------------------- S 2. 将自己Server端的证书给客户端，证书中包括了64自己的公钥。
C -------------------------------------------------> S 3. 客户端用浏览中存放CA的根证书检测xuegod64证书，如果对，使用CA根证书中的公钥解密。得到xuegod64的公钥； 然后生成一把对称的加密密钥,用xuegod64的公钥加密这个密钥发给xuegod64。 后期使用对称密钥加密数据
C <------------------------------------------------> S
4. xuegod64使用私钥解密，得到对称的加密密钥然后，使用对称加密密钥来进行安全快速传输数据
1：配置HTTPSweb服务器： xuegod64
安装复制并查看
[[email protected] ~]# yum install mod_ssl -y 安装：SSL模块 [[email protected] ~]# cp /server.crt /etc/httpd/conf.d/ #复制证书 [[email protected] ~]# cat /server.crt ertificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 96:db:28:b4:8b:a7:fb:bc Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=CN, ST=beijing, O=xuegod,OU=IT, 颁发者是63- CN=xuegod63.cn/[email protected] Validity Not Before: Nov 3 11:12:34 2015 GMT Not After : Nov 2 11:12:34 2016 GMT Subject: C=CN, ST=beijing, O=xuegod,OU=IT, CN=xuegod63.cn/[email protected]请求的是64，这里我没有修改 Subject Public Key Info:这里可以看出，证书中用了公钥加密 Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (1024 bit) Modulus: [[email protected] ~]# ls /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key #查看私钥 /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key [[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf 104 # certificate can be generated using the genkey(1) command. 改： 105 SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt 为： SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.crt 106 #SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt 107 108 # Server Private Key: 109 # If the key is not combined with the certificate, use this 110 # directive to point at the key file. Keep in mind that if 111 # you‘ve both a RSA and a DSA private key you can configure 112 # both in parallel (to also allow the use of DSA ciphers, etc.) 改：113 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key 为： SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/conf.d/server.key 114 #SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key
启劢服务:
[[email protected] ~]# service httpd restart Stopping httpd: [ OK ] Starting httpd: Apache/2.2.15 mod_ssl/2.2.15 (Pass Phrase Dialog) Some of your private key files are encrypted for security reasons. In order to read them you have to provide the pass phrases. Server bt-199-034.bta.net.cn:443 (RSA) Enter pass phrase:123456 #保护私钥密码 OK: Pass Phrase Dialog successful. [ OK ]
测试：
查看端口： [[email protected] ~]# netstat -antup | grep 443 #发现找丌到 访问： https://192.168.1.64/ 后 再查看： [[email protected] ~]# netstat -antup | grep 443 tcp 0 0 :::443 :::* LISTEN 5138/httpd 只有调用一下https，才会开启。 像 ftp ：20传输数据， 21 监听服务，传输命令。 没有数据传输时，看不到20端口。 修改物理机：C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts 添加： 192.168.1.64 xuegod64.cn
2：查看证书安装证书
时间： 2024-10-10 13:00:19