PriorityQueue类
优先队列不管你按照什么顺序插入元素,出队列的时候元素都是按顺序输出的。也就是每次调用remove的时候,都返回当前队列中最小的元素。然后队列中的元素不是维持排序状态的,如果你迭代这个优先队列中的元素,会发现他们不是排好序的。
优先队列使用堆数据结果,堆是一种自我调整的二叉树,对树的add与remove操作可以让最小的元素移动到树的根部。
使用优先队列的典型示例是任务调度,每个任务都有一个优先级,任务以随机顺序添加到队列中。每当启动一个新的任务时,都将优先级最高的任务从队列中取出进行处理
PriorityQueue<GregorianCalendar> pq = new PriorityQueue<>();
pq.add(new GregorianCalendar(1906, Calendar.DECEMBER, 9));
pq.add(new GregorianCalendar(1815, Calendar.DECEMBER, 10));
pq.add(new GregorianCalendar(1903, Calendar.DECEMBER, 3));
pq.add(new GregorianCalendar(1910, Calendar.JUNE, 22));
System.out.println("Iterating over elements...");
for (GregorianCalendar date : pq)
{
System.out.println(date.get(Calendar.YEAR));
}
System.out.println("Removing elements...");
while (!pq.isEmpty())
{
System.out.println(pq.remove().get(Calendar.YEAR));
}
输出结果:
Iterating over elements...
1815
1906
1903
1910
Removing elements...
1815
1903
1906
1910
Maps类
Java类库提供两种maps实现:HashMap与TreeMap,他们都实现了Map接口。
哈希(hash)函数与比较函数仅应用于map的key上, map的value只是key的一个关联, value不会进行哈希与比较。
使用HashMap存储元素:
Map<String, Employee> staff = new HashMap<>(); // HashMap implements Map
Employee harry = new Employee("Harry Hacker");
staff.put("987-98-9996", harry);
. . .
- Map有三种view:
- the set of keys
- the collection of values (which is not a set)
- the set of key/value pairs.
The keys and key/value pairs form a set because there can be only one copy of a key in a map
Set<K> keySet()
Collection<K> values()
Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet()
迭代所有map中的key:
Set<String> keys = map.keySet();
for (String key : keys)
{
do something with key
}
迭代map中的key和value:
for (Map.Entry<String, Employee> entry : staff.entrySet())
{
String key = entry.getKey();
Employee value = entry.getValue();
do something with key, value
}
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