configparser
configparser用于处理特定格式的文件，其本质上是利用open来操作文件。
1 # 注释1 2 ; 注释2 3 4 [section1] # 节点 5 k1 = v1 # 值 6 k2:v2 # 值 7 8 [section2] # 节点 9 k1 = v1 # 值
1、获取所有节点
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read(‘xxxooo‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) 5 ret = config.sections() 6 print(ret)
2、获取指定节点下所有的键值对
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read(‘xxxooo‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) 5 ret = config.items(‘section1‘) 6 print(ret)
3、获取指定节点下所有的建
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read(‘xxxooo‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) 5 ret = config.options(‘section1‘) 6 print(ret)
4、获取指定节点下指定key的值
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read(‘xxxooo‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) 5 6 7 v = config.get(‘section1‘, ‘k1‘) 8 # v = config.getint(‘section1‘, ‘k1‘) 9 # v = config.getfloat(‘section1‘, ‘k1‘) 10 # v = config.getboolean(‘section1‘, ‘k1‘) 11 12 print(v)
5、检查、删除、添加节点
1 import configparser
2
3 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
4 config.read(‘xxxooo‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘)
5
6
7 # 检查
8 has_sec = config.has_section(‘section1‘)
9 print(has_sec)
10
11 # 添加节点
12 config.add_section("SEC_1")
13 config.write(open(‘xxxooo‘, ‘w‘))
14
15 # 删除节点
16 config.remove_section("SEC_1")
17 config.write(open(‘xxxooo‘, ‘w‘))
6、检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 config.read(‘xxxooo‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) 5 6 # 检查 7 has_opt = config.has_option(‘section1‘, ‘k1‘) 8 print(has_opt) 9 10 # 删除 11 config.remove_option(‘section1‘, ‘k1‘) 12 config.write(open(‘xxxooo‘, ‘w‘)) 13 14 # 设置 15 config.set(‘section1‘, ‘k10‘, "123") 16 config.write(open(‘xxxooo‘, ‘w‘))
XML
XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，XML文件格式如下：
1 <data> 2 <country name="Liechtenstein"> 3 <rank updated="yes">2</rank> 4 <year>2023</year> 5 <gdppc>141100</gdppc> 6 <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" /> 7 <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" /> 8 </country> 9 <country name="Singapore"> 10 <rank updated="yes">5</rank> 11 <year>2026</year> 12 <gdppc>59900</gdppc> 13 <neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" /> 14 </country> 15 <country name="Panama"> 16 <rank updated="yes">69</rank> 17 <year>2026</year> 18 <gdppc>13600</gdppc> 19 <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" /> 20 <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" /> 21 </country> 22 </data>
1、解析XML
利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 # 直接解析xml文件
4 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
5
6 # 获取xml文件的根节点
7 root = tree.getroot()
利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象
2、操作XML
XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点，对于每一个节点均有以下功能，以便对当前节点进行操作：
1 class Element:
2 """An XML element.
3
4 This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.
5
6 An element‘s length is its number of subelements. That means if you
7 want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
8 its length AND its text attribute.
9
10 The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
11 bytes or strings.
12
13 *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
14 element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
15 keyword arguments.
16
17 Example form:
18 <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail
19
20 """
21
22 当前节点的标签名
23 tag = None
24 """The element‘s name."""
25
26 当前节点的属性
27
28 attrib = None
29 """Dictionary of the element‘s attributes."""
30
31 当前节点的内容
32 text = None
33 """
34 Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
35 Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
36 None or the empty string, depending on the parser.
37
38 """
39
40 tail = None
41 """
42 Text after this element‘s end tag, but before the next sibling element‘s
43 start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there
44 was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
45 depending on the parser.
46
47 """
48
49 def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
50 if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
51 raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
52 attrib.__class__.__name__,))
53 attrib = attrib.copy()
54 attrib.update(extra)
55 self.tag = tag
56 self.attrib = attrib
57 self._children = []
58
59 def __repr__(self):
60 return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))
61
62 def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
63 创建一个新节点
64 """Create a new element with the same type.
65
66 *tag* is a string containing the element name.
67 *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.
68
69 Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.
70
71 """
72 return self.__class__(tag, attrib)
73
74 def copy(self):
75 """Return copy of current element.
76
77 This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
78 original tree.
79
80 """
81 elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
82 elem.text = self.text
83 elem.tail = self.tail
84 elem[:] = self
85 return elem
86
87 def __len__(self):
88 return len(self._children)
89
90 def __bool__(self):
91 warnings.warn(
92 "The behavior of this method will change in future versions. "
93 "Use specific ‘len(elem)‘ or ‘elem is not None‘ test instead.",
94 FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
95 )
96 return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now
97
98 def __getitem__(self, index):
99 return self._children[index]
100
101 def __setitem__(self, index, element):
102 # if isinstance(index, slice):
103 # for elt in element:
104 # assert iselement(elt)
105 # else:
106 # assert iselement(element)
107 self._children[index] = element
108
109 def __delitem__(self, index):
110 del self._children[index]
111
112 def append(self, subelement):
113 为当前节点追加一个子节点
114 """Add *subelement* to the end of this element.
115
116 The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
117 subelement (or directly after the text, if it‘s the first subelement),
118 but before the end tag for this element.
119
120 """
121 self._assert_is_element(subelement)
122 self._children.append(subelement)
123
124 def extend(self, elements):
125 为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
126 """Append subelements from a sequence.
127
128 *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements.
129
130 """
131 for element in elements:
132 self._assert_is_element(element)
133 self._children.extend(elements)
134
135 def insert(self, index, subelement):
136 在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置
137 """Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
138 self._assert_is_element(subelement)
139 self._children.insert(index, subelement)
140
141 def _assert_is_element(self, e):
142 # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
143 # shadowing C implementation.
144 if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
145 raise TypeError(‘expected an Element, not %s‘ % type(e).__name__)
146
147 def remove(self, subelement):
148 在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
149 """Remove matching subelement.
150
151 Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
152 identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by
153 other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
154 select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
155 the parent element.
156
157 ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found.
158
159 """
160 # assert iselement(element)
161 self._children.remove(subelement)
162
163 def getchildren(self):
164 获取所有的子节点（废弃）
165 """(Deprecated) Return all subelements.
166
167 Elements are returned in document order.
168
169 """
170 warnings.warn(
171 "This method will be removed in future versions. "
172 "Use ‘list(elem)‘ or iteration over elem instead.",
173 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
174 )
175 return self._children
176
177 def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
178 获取第一个寻找到的子节点
179 """Find first matching element by tag name or path.
180
181 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
182 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
183
184 Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found.
185
186 """
187 return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)
188
189 def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
190 获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
191 """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.
192
193 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
194 *default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
195 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
196
197 Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
198 none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text
199 content, the empty string is returned.
200
201 """
202 return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)
203
204 def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
205 获取所有的子节点
206 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.
207
208 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
209 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
210
211 Returns list containing all matching elements in document order.
212
213 """
214 return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)
215
216 def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
217 获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）
218 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.
219
220 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
221 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
222
223 Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.
224
225 """
226 return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)
227
228 def clear(self):
229 清空节点
230 """Reset element.
231
232 This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
233 the text and tail attributes to None.
234
235 """
236 self.attrib.clear()
237 self._children = []
238 self.text = self.tail = None
239
240 def get(self, key, default=None):
241 获取当前节点的属性值
242 """Get element attribute.
243
244 Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
245 bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and
246 *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.
247
248 Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
249 attribute was not found.
250
251 """
252 return self.attrib.get(key, default)
253
254 def set(self, key, value):
255 为当前节点设置属性值
256 """Set element attribute.
257
258 Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
259 this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and
260 *value* is the attribute value to set it to.
261
262 """
263 self.attrib[key] = value
264
265 def keys(self):
266 获取当前节点的所有属性的 key
267
268 """Get list of attribute names.
269
270 Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
271 Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys()
272
273 """
274 return self.attrib.keys()
275
276 def items(self):
277 获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对
278 """Get element attributes as a sequence.
279
280 The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to
281 attrib.items().
282
283 Return a list of (name, value) tuples.
284
285 """
286 return self.attrib.items()
287
288 def iter(self, tag=None):
289 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
290 """Create tree iterator.
291
292 The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
293 order, returning all elements with a matching tag.
294
295 If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed
296 elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the
297 list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list.
298
299 *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements)
300
301 Return an iterator containing all the matching elements.
302
303 """
304 if tag == "*":
305 tag = None
306 if tag is None or self.tag == tag:
307 yield self
308 for e in self._children:
309 yield from e.iter(tag)
310
311 # compatibility
312 def getiterator(self, tag=None):
313 # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
314 warnings.warn(
315 "This method will be removed in future versions. "
316 "Use ‘elem.iter()‘ or ‘list(elem.iter())‘ instead.",
317 PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
318 )
319 return list(self.iter(tag))
320
321 def itertext(self):
322 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
323 """Create text iterator.
324
325 The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
326 order, returning all inner text.
327
328 """
329 tag = self.tag
330 if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:
331 return
332 if self.text:
333 yield self.text
334 for e in self:
335 yield from e.itertext()
336 if e.tail:
337 yield e.tail
节点功能一览表
由于 每个节点 都具有以上的方法，并且在上一步骤中解析时均得到了root（xml文件的根节点），so 可以利用以上方法进行操作xml文件。
a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ############ 解析方式一 ############
4 """
5 # 打开文件，读取XML内容
6 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read()
7
8 # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
9 root = ET.XML(str_xml)
10 """
11 ############ 解析方式二 ############
12
13 # 直接解析xml文件
14 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
15
16 # 获取xml文件的根节点
17 root = tree.getroot()
18
19
20 ### 操作
21
22 # 顶层标签
23 print(root.tag)
24
25
26 # 遍历XML文档的第二层
27 for child in root:
28 # 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
29 print(child.tag, child.attrib)
30 # 遍历XML文档的第三层
31 for i in child:
32 # 第二层节点的标签名称和内容
33 print(i.tag,i.text)
b、遍历XML中指定的节点
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ############ 解析方式一 ############
4 """
5 # 打开文件，读取XML内容
6 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read()
7
8 # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
9 root = ET.XML(str_xml)
10 """
11 ############ 解析方式二 ############
12
13 # 直接解析xml文件
14 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
15
16 # 获取xml文件的根节点
17 root = tree.getroot()
18
19
20 ### 操作
21
22 # 顶层标签
23 print(root.tag)
24
25
26 # 遍历XML中所有的year节点
27 for node in root.iter(‘year‘):
28 # 节点的标签名称和内容
29 print(node.tag, node.text)
c、修改节点内容
由于修改的节点时，均是在内存中进行，其不会影响文件中的内容。所以，如果想要修改，则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ############ 解析方式一 ############
4
5 # 打开文件，读取XML内容
6 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read()
7
8 # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
9 root = ET.XML(str_xml)
10
11 ############ 操作 ############
12
13 # 顶层标签
14 print(root.tag)
15
16 # 循环所有的year节点
17 for node in root.iter(‘year‘):
18 # 将year节点中的内容自增一
19 new_year = int(node.text) + 1
20 node.text = str(new_year)
21
22 # 设置属性
23 node.set(‘name‘, ‘alex‘)
24 node.set(‘age‘, ‘18‘)
25 # 删除属性
26 del node.attrib[‘name‘]
27
28
29 ############ 保存文件 ############
30 tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
31 tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)
解析字符串方式，修改，保存
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ############ 解析方式二 ############
4
5 # 直接解析xml文件
6 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
7
8 # 获取xml文件的根节点
9 root = tree.getroot()
10
11 ############ 操作 ############
12
13 # 顶层标签
14 print(root.tag)
15
16 # 循环所有的year节点
17 for node in root.iter(‘year‘):
18 # 将year节点中的内容自增一
19 new_year = int(node.text) + 1
20 node.text = str(new_year)
21
22 # 设置属性
23 node.set(‘name‘, ‘alex‘)
24 node.set(‘age‘, ‘18‘)
25 # 删除属性
26 del node.attrib[‘name‘]
27
28
29 ############ 保存文件 ############
30 tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)
解析文件方式，修改，保存
d、删除节点
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############
4
5 # 打开文件，读取XML内容
6 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read()
7
8 # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
9 root = ET.XML(str_xml)
10
11 ############ 操作 ############
12
13 # 顶层标签
14 print(root.tag)
15
16 # 遍历data下的所有country节点
17 for country in root.findall(‘country‘):
18 # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
19 rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text)
20
21 if rank > 50:
22 # 删除指定country节点
23 root.remove(country)
24
25 ############ 保存文件 ############
26 tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
27 tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)
解析字符串方式打开，删除，保存
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ############ 解析文件方式 ############
4
5 # 直接解析xml文件
6 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
7
8 # 获取xml文件的根节点
9 root = tree.getroot()
10
11 ############ 操作 ############
12
13 # 顶层标签
14 print(root.tag)
15
16 # 遍历data下的所有country节点
17 for country in root.findall(‘country‘):
18 # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
19 rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text)
20
21 if rank > 50:
22 # 删除指定country节点
23 root.remove(country)
24
25 ############ 保存文件 ############
26 tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)
解析文件方式打开，删除，保存
3、创建XML文档
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3
4 # 创建根节点
5 root = ET.Element("famliy")
6
7
8 # 创建节点大儿子
9 son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
10 # 创建小儿子
11 son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
12
13 # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
14 grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
15 grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
16 son1.append(grandson1)
17 son1.append(grandson2)
18
19
20 # 把儿子添加到根节点中
21 root.append(son1)
22 root.append(son1)
23
24 tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
25 tree.write(‘oooo.xml‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘, short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式（一）
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 # 创建根节点
4 root = ET.Element("famliy")
5
6
7 # 创建大儿子
8 # son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
9 son1 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
10 # 创建小儿子
11 # son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
12 son2 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
13
14 # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
15 # grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
16 grandson1 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
17 # grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
18 grandson2 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
19
20 son1.append(grandson1)
21 son1.append(grandson2)
22
23
24 # 把儿子添加到根节点中
25 root.append(son1)
26 root.append(son1)
27
28 tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
29 tree.write(‘oooo.xml‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘, short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式（二）
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3
4 # 创建根节点
5 root = ET.Element("famliy")
6
7
8 # 创建节点大儿子
9 son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
10 # 创建小儿子
11 son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})
12
13 # 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
14 grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
15 grandson1.text = ‘孙子‘
16
17
18 et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象
19 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式（三）
由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进，如果想要设置缩进的话， 需要修改保存方式：
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2 from xml.dom import minidom
3
4
5 def prettify(elem):
6 """将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。
7 """
8 rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, ‘utf-8‘)
9 reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)
10 return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t")
11
12 # 创建根节点
13 root = ET.Element("famliy")
14
15
16 # 创建大儿子
17 # son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
18 son1 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
19 # 创建小儿子
20 # son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
21 son2 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
22
23 # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
24 # grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
25 grandson1 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
26 # grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
27 grandson2 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
28
29 son1.append(grandson1)
30 son1.append(grandson2)
31
32
33 # 把儿子添加到根节点中
34 root.append(son1)
35 root.append(son1)
36
37
38 raw_str = prettify(root)
39
40 f = open("xxxoo.xml",‘w‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
41 f.write(raw_str)
42 f.close()
4、命名空间
详细介绍，猛击这里
1 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
2
3 ET.register_namespace(‘com‘,"http://www.company.com") #some name
4
5 # build a tree structure
6 root = ET.Element("{http://www.company.com}STUFF")
7 body = ET.SubElement(root, "{http://www.company.com}MORE_STUFF", attrib={"{http://www.company.com}hhh": "123"})
8 body.text = "STUFF EVERYWHERE!"
9
10 # wrap it in an ElementTree instance, and save as XML
11 tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
12
13 tree.write("page.xml",
14 xml_declaration=True,
15 encoding=‘utf-8‘,
16 method="xml")
命名空间
requests
Python标准库中提供了：urllib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。
1 import urllib.request 2 3 4 f = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508‘) 5 result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘)
发送GET请求
1 import urllib.request 2 3 req = urllib.request.Request(‘http://www.example.com/‘) 4 req.add_header(‘Referer‘, ‘http://www.python.org/‘) 5 r = urllib.request.urlopen(req) 6 7 result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘)
发送携带请求头的GET请求
注：更多见Python官方文档：https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
1、安装模块 (pip3 install requests) 2或者源码安装（解压缩，进入终端，进入cdsetup.py的目录夹，python setup.py install )
2、使用模块
1 1、无参数实例
2
3 import requests
4
5 ret = requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json‘)
6
7 print(ret.url)
8 print(ret.text)
9
10
11
12 # 2、有参数实例
13
14 import requests
15
16 payload = {‘key1‘: ‘value1‘, ‘key2‘: ‘value2‘}
17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
18
19 print(ret.url)
20 print(ret.text)
GET请求
1 1、基本POST实例
2
3 import requests
4
5 payload = {‘key1‘: ‘value1‘, ‘key2‘: ‘value2‘}
6 ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
7
8 print(ret.text)
9
10
11 # 2、发送请求头和数据实例
12
13 import requests
14 import json
15
16 url = ‘https://api.github.com/some/endpoint‘
17 payload = {‘some‘: ‘data‘}
18 headers = {‘content-type‘: ‘application/json‘}
19
20 ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
21
22 print(ret.text)
23 print(ret.cookies)
POST请求
1 requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) 2 requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) 3 requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) 4 requests.head(url, **kwargs) 5 requests.delete(url, **kwargs) 6 requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) 7 requests.options(url, **kwargs) 8 9 # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建 10 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
其他要求
更多requests模块相关的文档见：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
3、Http请求和XML实例
实例：检测QQ账号是否在线
1 import urllib
2 import requests
3 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
4
5 # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容
6 """
7 f = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508‘)
8 result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘)
9 """
10
11
12 # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容
13 r = requests.get(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508‘)
14 result = r.text
15
16 # 解析XML格式内容
17 node = ET.XML(result)
18
19 # 获取内容
20 if node.text == "Y":
21 print("在线")
22 else:
23 print("离线")
实例：查看火车停靠信息
1 import urllib 2 import requests 3 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET 4 5 # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容 6 """ 7 f = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=‘) 8 result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘) 9 """ 10 11 # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容 12 r = requests.get(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=‘) 13 result = r.text 14 15 # 解析XML格式内容 16 root = ET.XML(result) 17 for node in root.iter(‘TrainDetailInfo‘): 18 print(node.find(‘TrainStation‘).text,node.find(‘StartTime‘).text,node.tag,node.attrib)
注：更多接口猛击这里
logging
用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块
1、单文件日志
1 import logging 2 3 4 logging.basicConfig(filename=‘log.log‘, 5 format=‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s‘, 6 datefmt=‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p‘, 7 level=10) 8 9 logging.debug(‘debug‘) 10 logging.info(‘info‘) 11 logging.warning(‘warning‘) 12 logging.error(‘error‘) 13 logging.critical(‘critical‘) 14 logging.log(10,‘log‘)
日志等级：
1 CRITICAL = 50 2 FATAL = CRITICAL 3 ERROR = 40 4 WARNING = 30 5 WARN = WARNING 6 INFO = 20 7 DEBUG = 10 8 NOTSET = 0
注：只有【当前写等级】大于【日志等级】时，日志文件才被记录。
日志记录格式：
2、多文件日志
对于上述记录日志的功能，只能将日志记录在单文件中，如果想要设置多个日志文件，logging.basicConfig将无法完成，需要自定义文件和日志操作对象。
1 定义文件 2 file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler(‘l1_1.log‘, ‘a‘) 3 fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s") 4 file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt) 5 6 file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler(‘l1_2.log‘, ‘a‘) 7 fmt = logging.Formatter() 8 file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt) 9 10 # 定义日志 11 logger1 = logging.Logger(‘s1‘, level=logging.ERROR) 12 logger1.addHandler(file_1_1) 13 logger1.addHandler(file_1_2) 14 15 16 # 写日志 17 logger1.critical(‘1111‘)
日志一
1 定义文件 2 file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler(‘l2_1.log‘, ‘a‘) 3 fmt = logging.Formatter() 4 file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt) 5 6 # 定义日志 7 logger2 = logging.Logger(‘s2‘, level=logging.INFO) 8 logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)
日志2
如上述创建的两个日志对象
- 当使用【logger1】写日志时，会将相应的内容写入 l1_1.log 和 l1_2.log 文件中
- 当使用【logger2】写日志时，会将相应的内容写入 l2_1.log 文件中
系统命令
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有：
- os.system
- os.spawn*
- os.popen* --废弃
- popen2.* --废弃
- commands.* --废弃，3.x中被移除
1 import commands 2 3 result = commands.getoutput(‘cmd‘) 4 result = commands.getstatus(‘cmd‘) 5 result = commands.getstatusoutput(‘cmd‘)
commands
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现，并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令，返回状态码
ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False)
ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True)
check_call
执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常
1 subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
2 subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)
check_output
执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
1 subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])
2 subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数：
- args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
- bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell：同上
- cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
1 1 import subprocess
2 2 ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
3 3 ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种：
- 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
1 import subprocess
2
3 obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd=‘/home/dev‘,)
1 import subprocess
2
3 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
4 obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
5 obj.stdin.write("print(2)")
6 obj.stdin.close()
7
8 cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
9 obj.stdout.close()
10 cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
11 obj.stderr.close()
12
13 print(cmd_out)
14 print(cmd_error)
1 import subprocess
2
3 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
4 obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
5 obj.stdin.write("print(2)")
6
7 out_error_list = obj.communicate()
8 print(out_error_list)
1 import subprocess
2
3 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
4 out_error_list = obj.communicate(‘print("hello")‘)
5 print(out_error_list)
paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块，使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作，值得一说的是，fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
1、下载安装
1 pycrypto，由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto，所以先下载安装pycrypto 2 pip3 install pycrypto 3 pip3 install paramiko
2、模块使用
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 #coding:utf-8 3 4 import paramiko 5 6 ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() 7 ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) 8 ssh.connect(‘192.168.1.108‘, 22, ‘alex‘, ‘123‘) 9 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(‘df‘) 10 print stdout.read() 11 ssh.close();
执行命令 - 用户名+密码
1 import paramiko 2 3 private_key_path = ‘/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa‘ 4 key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path) 5 6 ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() 7 ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) 8 ssh.connect(‘主机名 ‘, 端口, ‘用户名‘, key) 9 10 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(‘df‘) 11 print stdout.read() 12 ssh.close()
执行命令 - 密钥
1 import os,sys 2 import paramiko 3 4 t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22)) 5 t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,password=‘123‘) 6 sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) 7 sftp.put(‘/tmp/test.py‘,‘/tmp/test.py‘) 8 t.close() 9 10 11 import os,sys 12 import paramiko 13 14 t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22)) 15 t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,password=‘123‘) 16 sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) 17 sftp.get(‘/tmp/test.py‘,‘/tmp/test2.py‘) 18 t.close()
上传或下载文件 - 用户名+密码
1 import paramiko 2 3 pravie_key_path = ‘/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa‘ 4 key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) 5 6 t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22)) 7 t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,pkey=key) 8 9 sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) 10 sftp.put(‘/tmp/test3.py‘,‘/tmp/test3.py‘) 11 12 t.close() 13 14 import paramiko 15 16 pravie_key_path = ‘/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa‘ 17 key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) 18 19 t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22)) 20 t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,pkey=key) 21 22 sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) 23 sftp.get(‘/tmp/test3.py‘,‘/tmp/test4.py‘) 24 25 t.close()
上传或下载文件 - 密钥
时间： 2024-11-05 12:28:52