最近忙于一个项目,了解下httpclient,在这里总结出来,和大家一起学习分享,希望各位朋友提出宝贵的意见。
首先介绍一下项目的背景:
目标:把国内一家保险公司的“WEB一账通”改成“WAP一账通”。
资源:客户不提供任何的webservice接口。
本项目中用到的第三方组件是apache的httpclient,一个非常强大的网页抓取工具(抓这个字用得可能不太好), 这里和大家
一起讨论下httpclient的一些常用用法和要注意的地方。
本文引用的资源列表:
httpclient入门: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-httpclient/
httpclient证书导入:http://www.blogjava.net/happytian/archive/2006/12/22/89447.html
httpclient高级认识:http://laohuang.iteye.com/blog/55613
httpclient官方文档:http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client/index.html
httpclient资源关闭:http://www.iteye.com/topic/234759
上面的文章写得很好,看完之后也就知道怎么用httpclient这个很好的工具了,但是在这里还是补充一些比较重要的东西,也是项目中经
常碰到的问题。
首先要注意的有以下几点:
1、httpclient连接后资源释放问题很重要,就跟我们用database connection要释放资源一样。
2、https网站采用ssl加密传输,证书导入要注意。
3、做这样的项目最好先了解下http协义,比如302,301,200,404返回代码的含义(这是最基本的),cookie,session的机制。
4、httpclient的redirect状态默认是自动的,这在很大程度上给开发者很大的方便(如一些授权获得cookie),但是有时要手动管理下,比如
有时会遇到CircularRedirectException异常,出现这样的情况是因为返回的头文件中location值指向之前重复(端口号可以不同)地址,导致可能会出现死
循环递归重定向,这时可以手动关闭:method.setFollowRedirects(false)
5、有的网站会先判别用户的请求是否是来自浏览器,如不是,则返回不正确的文本,所以用httpclient抓取信息时在头部加入如下信息:
header.put("User-Agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 1.7; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; CIBA; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)");
6、当post请求提交数据时要改变默认编码,不然的话提交上去的数据会出现乱码。重写postMethod的setContentCharSet()方法就可以了:
下面写一个通用类来处理request请求返回的文本:
Java代码
/* * HttpRequestProxy.java * * Created on November 3, 2008, 9:53 AM */ package cn.com.mozat.net; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Set; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.Header; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpMethod; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.NameValuePair; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.SimpleHttpConnectionManager; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.GetMethod; import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PostMethod; import cn.com.mozat.exception.CustomException; /** * * @author bird email:[email protected] * * 2008-11-4 09:49:48 */ public class HttpRequestProxy{ //超时间隔 private static int connectTimeOut = 60000; //让connectionmanager管理httpclientconnection时是否关闭连接 private static boolean alwaysClose = false; //返回数据编码格式 private String encoding = "UTF-8"; private final HttpClient client = new HttpClient(new SimpleHttpConnectionManager(alwaysClose)); public HttpClient getHttpClient(){ return client; } /** * 用法: * HttpRequestProxy hrp = new HttpRequestProxy(); * hrp.doRequest("http://www.163.com",null,null,"gbk"); * * @param url 请求的资源URL * @param postData POST请求时form表单封装的数据 没有时传null * @param header request请求时附带的头信息(header) 没有时传null * @param encoding response返回的信息编码格式 没有时传null * @return response返回的文本数据 * @throws CustomException */ public String doRequest(String url,Map postData,Map header,String encoding) throws CustomException{ String responseString = null; //头部请求信息 Header[] headers = null; if(header != null){ Set entrySet = header.entrySet(); int dataLength = entrySet.size(); headers= new Header[dataLength]; int i = 0; for(Iterator itor = entrySet.iterator();itor.hasNext();){ Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)itor.next(); headers[i++] = new Header(entry.getKey().toString(),entry.getValue().toString()); } } //post方式 if(postData!=null){ PostMethod postRequest = new PostMethod(url.trim()); if(headers != null){ for(int i = 0;i < headers.length;i++){ postRequest.setRequestHeader(headers[i]); } } Set entrySet = postData.entrySet(); int dataLength = entrySet.size(); NameValuePair[] params = new NameValuePair[dataLength]; int i = 0; for(Iterator itor = entrySet.iterator();itor.hasNext();){ Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)itor.next(); params[i++] = new NameValuePair(entry.getKey().toString(),entry.getValue().toString()); } postRequest.setRequestBody(params); try { responseString = this.executeMethod(postRequest,encoding); } catch (CustomException e) { throw e; } finally{ postRequest.releaseConnection(); } } //get方式 if(postData == null){ GetMethod getRequest = new GetMethod(url.trim()); if(headers != null){ for(int i = 0;i < headers.length;i++){ getRequest.setRequestHeader(headers[i]); } } try { responseString = this.executeMethod(getRequest,encoding); } catch (CustomException e) { e.printStackTrace(); throw e; }finally{ getRequest.releaseConnection(); } } return responseString; } private String executeMethod(HttpMethod request, String encoding) throws CustomException{ String responseContent = null; InputStream responseStream = null; BufferedReader rd = null; try { this.getHttpClient().executeMethod(request); if(encoding != null){ responseStream = request.getResponseBodyAsStream(); rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(responseStream, encoding)); String tempLine = rd.readLine(); StringBuffer tempStr = new StringBuffer(); String crlf=System.getProperty("line.separator"); while (tempLine != null) { tempStr.append(tempLine); tempStr.append(crlf); tempLine = rd.readLine(); } responseContent = tempStr.toString(); }else responseContent = request.getResponseBodyAsString(); Header locationHeader = request.getResponseHeader("location"); //返回代码为302,301时,表示页面己经重定向,则重新请求location的url,这在 //一些登录授权取cookie时很重要 if (locationHeader != null) { String redirectUrl = locationHeader.getValue(); this.doRequest(redirectUrl, null, null,null); } } catch (HttpException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } catch (IOException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } finally{ if(rd != null) try { rd.close(); } catch (IOException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } if(responseStream != null) try { responseStream.close(); } catch (IOException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } } return responseContent; } /** * 特殊请求数据,这样的请求往往会出现redirect本身而出现递归死循环重定向 * 所以单独写成一个请求方法 * 比如现在请求的url为:http://localhost:8080/demo/index.jsp * 返回代码为302 头部信息中location值为:http://localhost:8083/demo/index.jsp * 这时httpclient认为进入递归死循环重定向,抛出CircularRedirectException异常 * @param url * @return * @throws CustomException */ public String doSpecialRequest(String url,int count,String encoding) throws CustomException{ String str = null; InputStream responseStream = null; BufferedReader rd = null; GetMethod getRequest = new GetMethod(url); //关闭httpclient自动重定向动能 getRequest.setFollowRedirects(false); try { this.client.executeMethod(getRequest); Header header = getRequest.getResponseHeader("location"); if(header!= null){ //请求重定向后的URL,count同时加1 this.doSpecialRequest(header.getValue(),count+1, encoding); } //这里用count作为标志位,当count为0时才返回请求的URL文本, //这样就可以忽略所有的递归重定向时返回文本流操作,提高性能 if(count == 0){ getRequest = new GetMethod(url); getRequest.setFollowRedirects(false); this.client.executeMethod(getRequest); responseStream = getRequest.getResponseBodyAsStream(); rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(responseStream, encoding)); String tempLine = rd.readLine(); StringBuffer tempStr = new StringBuffer(); String crlf=System.getProperty("line.separator"); while (tempLine != null) { tempStr.append(tempLine); tempStr.append(crlf); tempLine = rd.readLine(); } str = tempStr.toString(); } } catch (HttpException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } catch (IOException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } finally{ getRequest.releaseConnection(); if(rd !=null) try { rd.close(); } catch (IOException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } if(responseStream !=null) try { responseStream.close(); } catch (IOException e) { throw new CustomException(e.getMessage()); } } return str; } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ HttpRequestProxy hrp = new HttpRequestProxy(); Map header = new HashMap(); header.put("User-Agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 1.7; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; CIBA; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)"); String str = hrp.doRequest( "http://www.cma-cgm.com/en/eBusiness/Tracking/Default.aspx?BolNumber=GZ2108827", null, header,null); System.out.println(str.contains("row_CRXU1587647")); // System.out.println(str); } }