一.SWAP 说明
1、SWAP 概述
当系统的物理内存不够用的时候,就需要将物理内存中的一部分空间释放出来,以供当前运行的程序使用。那些被释放的空间可能来自一些很长时间没有什么操作的程序,这些被释放的空间被临时保存到Swap空间中,等到那些程序要运行时,再从Swap中恢复保存的数据到内存中。这样,系统总是在物理内存不够时,才进行Swap交换。
以上是SWAP 交换分区的作用。 实际上,我们更关注的应该是SWAP分区的大小问题。 设置多大才是最优的。一般来说可以按照如下规则设置swap大小:
4G以内的物理内存,SWAP 设置为内存的2倍。
4-8G的物理内存,SWAP 等于内存大小。
8-64G 的物理内存,SWAP 设置为8G。
64-256G物理内存,SWAP 设置为16G。
实际上,系统中交换分区的大小并不取决于物理内存的量,而是取决于系统中内存的负荷,所以在安装系统时要根据具体的业务来设置SWAP的值。
2、系统在什么情况下才会使用SWAP?
实际上,并不是等所有的物理内存都消耗完毕之后,才去使用swap的空间,什么时候使用是由swappiness 参数值控制。
[[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness 60
该值默认值是60。swappiness=0的时候表示最大限度使用物理内存,然后才是 swap空间,swappiness=100的时候表示积极的使用swap分区,并且把内存上的数据及时的搬运到swap空间里面。现在服务器的内存动不动就是上百G,所以我们可以把这个参数值设置的低一些,让操作系统尽可能的使用物理内存,降低系统对swap的使用,从而提高系统的性能。
二.使用磁盘为Linux添加swap
查看磁盘及分区信息
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvda: 193.3 GB, 193273528320 bytes, 377487360 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000da64d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 2048 377487359 188742656 83 Linux Disk /dev/mapper/docker-202:1-385876097-pool: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 65536 bytes / 65536 bytes Disk /dev/xvdf: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes, 8388608 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
添加新的分区
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdf Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8fb93abe. Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition g create a new empty GPT partition table G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition‘s system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 First sector (2048-8388607, default 2048): (直接回车) Using default value 2048 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-8388607, default 8388607): (直接回车) Using default value 8388607 Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 4 GiB is set Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
查看磁盘及分区信息
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvda: 193.3 GB, 193273528320 bytes, 377487360 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000da64d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 2048 377487359 188742656 83 Linux Disk /dev/mapper/docker-202:1-385876097-pool: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 65536 bytes / 65536 bytes Disk /dev/xvdf: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes, 8388608 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x8fb93abe Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdf1 2048 8388607 4193280 83 Linux
可以看到/dev/xvdf1是新创建的分区,注意这里fdisk ID的编号。 这里显示的83,它代表这个分区是ext的分区,这个是不能用来做swap的。我们继续更改
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdf Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): l (list known partition types) 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext‘d (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition g create a new empty GPT partition table G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition‘s system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): t Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 Changed type of partition ‘Linux‘ to ‘Linux swap / Solaris‘ Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
查看磁盘及分区信息
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvda: 193.3 GB, 193273528320 bytes, 377487360 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000da64d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 2048 377487359 188742656 83 Linux Disk /dev/mapper/docker-202:1-385876097-pool: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 65536 bytes / 65536 bytes Disk /dev/xvdf: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes, 8388608 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x8fb93abe Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdf1 2048 8388607 4193280 82 Linux swap / Solaris mkswap /dev/xvdf1 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 5241852 KiB no label, UUID=39c73cf6-1848-4a78-83ec-35089f0eebcb [[email protected]-192-168-31-161 ~]# blkid /dev/xvda1: LABEL="centos7_root" UUID="179c37d9-9ba3-47f2-ab50-cf76dec5ef8e" TYPE="xfs" /dev/loop0: UUID="0c7e9760-c4df-4d5b-b0b6-b2f4487e757b" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/docker-202:1-385876097-pool: UUID="0c7e9760-c4df-4d5b-b0b6-b2f4487e757b" TYPE="ext4" /dev/xvdf1: UUID="39c73cf6-1848-4a78-83ec-35089f0eebcb" TYPE="swap" swapon /dev/xvdf1
格式化swap分区:
[[email protected] /]# mkswap /dev/xvdf1 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB no label, UUID=39c73cf6-1848-4a78-83ec-35089f0eebcb
手工的启动swap
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# swapon -s
将/dev/xvdf1添加/etc/fstab文件,系统启动自动加载swap
[[email protected]192-168-31-161 ~]# vi /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 8 16:48:19 2014 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘ # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # LABEL=centos7_root / xfs defaults 1 1 UUID=39c73cf6-1848-4a78-83ec-35089f0eebcb swap swap defaults 0 0