liunx命令5 df、du、fdisk、磁盘管理相关命令

df查看命令

[[email protected] ~]# df //查看分区

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18244476 5919104 11391948 35% /

tmpfs 515244 72 515172 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 194241 26001 158000 15% /boot

[[email protected] ~]# free //查看swap使用情况

total used free shared buffers cached

Mem: 1030492 419328 611164 1348 66492 194216

-/+ buffers/cache: 158620 871872

Swap: 2097148 0 2097148

[[email protected] ~]# df -h //已合适单位显示

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /

tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot

[[email protected] ~]# df -k -m //已K、M为单位显示

Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 17817 5781 11125 35% /

tmpfs 504 1 504 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 190 26 155 15% /boot

[[email protected] ~]# df -i //查看inode使用情况

Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 1166880 160054 1006826 14% /

tmpfs 128811 4 128807 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 51200 38 51162 1% /boot

du 命令

[[email protected] ~]# du /etc/ //查看文件，大小使用情况

[[email protected] ~]# du -h /etc/ //已合适大小显示etc使用情况

[[email protected] ~]# du -sh /etc/ //查看/etc/大小使用情况

40M /etc/

[[email protected] ~]# ls -lh /etc/init.d/iptables

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11K Oct 15 2014 /etc/init.d/iptables

[[email protected] ~]# du -sh /etc/init.d/iptables

12K /etc/init.d/iptables

[[email protected] ~]# ls -lb /etc/init.d/iptables //已b为单位显示

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10688 Oct 15 2014 /etc/init.d/iptables

[[email protected] ~]# du -sb /etc/init.d/iptables

10688 /etc/init.d/iptables

查看文件大小的两个命令，两者大小显示不一样

[[email protected] ~]# touch 12

[[email protected] ~]# echo "12">12

[[email protected] ~]# ls -lh 12 //查看新建文件大小为3b

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3 Jul 8 20:24 12

[[email protected] ~]# ls -lb 12

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3 Jul 8 20:24 12

[[email protected] ~]# du -sh 12 //查看该文件大小为4k

4.0K 12

//为什么呢：du命令，查看文件占用磁盘空间大小，（理解为一个磁盘分成一块一块，最小一块为4k,）。ls命令，查看文件本身实际的大小。

fdisk命令

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l //查看磁盘，分区使用情况

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00052035

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux

[[email protected] ~]# init 0 //关闭虚拟机加一块硬盘（SCSIS）

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l //查看添加的一块硬盘

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00052035

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda //查看一块指定的磁盘

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00052035

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb //fdisk新磁盘

Command (m for help): p //打印当前使用命令

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

Command (m for help): n //n新建分区

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p //p主分区，e扩展分区

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +2G //给2G大小

Command (m for help): p //打印

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n //n新建分区

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

e //e扩展分区

Partition number (1-4): 2

First cylinder (263-1305, default 263): 263

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (263-1305, default 1305): +5G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended

Command (m for help): l //查看分区id

0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx

5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data

6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .

7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility

8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt

9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access

a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O

b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor

c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs

e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT

f W95 Ext‘d (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/

10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b

11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor

12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor

14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary

16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS

17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE

18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto

1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep

1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT

1e Hidden W95 FAT1

Command (m for help): p //看分区表

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended

Command (m for help): n //出现l选项，l扩展分区，p主分区

Command action

l logical (5 or over)

p primary partition (1-4)

l //选扩展分区

First cylinder (263-916, default 263): p

First cylinder (263-916, default 263): l

First cylinder (263-916, default 263): 263

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (263-916, default 916): +2G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w //w保存

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb //查看分区使用情况

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux

[[email protected] ~]#

磁盘格mke2fs

磁盘分区后，不能马上用，还需格式化成指定格式。

[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/filesystems //查看磁盘有哪些格式

ext4

ext3

ext2

nodev proc

nodev devpts

iso9660

vfat

hfs

hfsplus

[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb5 //将/dev/sdb5分区格式化成ext4格式

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

131648 inodes, 526120 blocks

26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216

17 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7744 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[[email protected] ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 1024 -m 1 -L wangchao /dev/sdb1

//将/dev/sdb1格式化成ext4格式，-t指定格式，-b指定块大小为1024b.-m保留1%。-L磁盘标签

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystem label=wangchao

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

131584 inodes, 2104480 blocks

21044 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=69468160

257 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

512 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409, 663553,

1024001, 1990657

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

//mkfs.ext4、mkfs.ext3与mke2fs命令相似。mke2fs多一些功能

磁盘挂载与卸载

磁盘格式化后，要想写入数据还需挂载上。

[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb5 /mnt/ //将/dev/sdb5 挂载在/mnt/下

[[email protected] ~]# df -h //查看已将/dev/sdb5 挂载在/mnt/下

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /

tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot

/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# df -T //查看磁盘分区类型

Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 ext4 18244476 5919796 11391256 35% /

tmpfs tmpfs 515244 72 515172 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 ext4 194241 26001 158000 15% /boot

/dev/sdb5 ext4 2005848 3096 1897528 1% /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /home/wangchao/123

[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /home/ //挂载后home下文件被覆盖

[[email protected] ~]# umount /home/ //卸载

[[email protected] ~]# mount LABEL=wangchao /home/wangchao/123/ //使用标签挂载

[[email protected] ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /

tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot

/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt

/dev/sdb1 2.0G 3.1M 2.0G 1% /home/wangchao/123

[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt/

[[email protected] mnt]# ls

lost+found

[[email protected] mnt]# touch 123

[[email protected] mnt]# umount /mnt/ //在目录里卸载回失败

umount: /mnt: device is busy.

(In some cases useful info about processes that use

the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))

[[email protected] mnt]# cd //先退出才能卸载

[[email protected] 123]# umount /dev/sdb1

umount: /home/wangchao/123: device is busy.

(In some cases useful info about processes that use

the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))

[[email protected] 123]# umount -l /dev/sdb1 //加参数-l强制卸载，不退出卸载

分区表fstab

以上挂载为手动方式，重启后将失效，自动开机挂载方法如下：

[[email protected] 123]# cat /etc/fstab //分区配置文件

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 8 19:14:01 2015

# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

UUID=41e6be85-0f8b-41ec-9559-f48a356d54f0 / ext4 defaults 1 1

UUID=ca50ee18-a125-4629-8c11-1b6134912239 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2

UUID=e7c33c68-670b-4a2a-b1aa-4ceacf4f0e86 swap swap defaults 0 0

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0

devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0

proc /proc proc defaults 0 0

[[email protected] 123]# ls /etc/rc.local

/etc/rc.local

//也可将mount写入，开机自动执行。该文件为开机就运行其中的命名

[[email protected] 123]# cat /etc/fstab

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 8 19:14:01 2015

# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

UUID=41e6be85-0f8b-41ec-9559-f48a356d54f0 / ext4 defaults 1 1

UUID=ca50ee18-a125-4629-8c11-1b6134912239 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2

UUID=e7c33c68-670b-4a2a-b1aa-4ceacf4f0e86 swap swap defaults 0 0

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0

devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0

proc /proc proc defaults 0 0

//其中UUID为每个硬盘的标识，每个硬盘唯一。（不止硬盘设备，其他如网卡都有UUID）

[[email protected] 123]# blkid //查看硬盘的UUID

/dev/sda1: UUID="ca50ee18-a125-4629-8c11-1b6134912239" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sda2: UUID="e7c33c68-670b-4a2a-b1aa-4ceacf4f0e86" TYPE="swap"

/dev/sda3: UUID="41e6be85-0f8b-41ec-9559-f48a356d54f0" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb1: LABEL="wangchao" UUID="2be2198d-dcb8-4589-8a34-8b3d472cbece" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb5: UUID="87dba34e-66d1-47b6-a990-9c285b4958db" TYPE="ext4"

[[email protected] 123]# mount UUID="87dba34e-66d1-47b6-a990-9c285b4958db" /mnt/

//将UUID="87dba34e-66d1-47b6-a990-9c285b4958db" 的硬盘挂载到/mnt/下

[[email protected] 123]# df -h //查看挂载

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /

tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot

/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt

[[email protected] 123]# vi /etc/fstab

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0

devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0

proc /proc proc defaults 0 0

/dev/sdb5 /mnt ext4 defaults 0 0

///dev/sdb5 磁盘 /mnt 挂载点 ext4 格式 defaults 0（是否备份，否） 0开机自检，否

写入文件后生效，下次重启还是有效

[[email protected] 123]# cd

[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt/

umount: /mnt/: not mounted

[[email protected] ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /

tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm

[[email protected] ~]# mount -a //自动挂载，是写入文件的自动挂载

[[email protected] ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /

tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot

/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt

[[email protected] ~]# vi /etc/rc.local

#!/bin/sh

# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.

# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don‘t

# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local

mount /dev/sdb1 /home/wangchao/123

//下次重启自动执行mount /dev/sdb1 /home/wangchao/123命令

[[email protected] ~]# mount //查看磁盘挂载加载了哪些选项

/dev/sda3 on / type ext4 (rw)

proc on /proc type proc (rw)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)

/dev/sdb5 on /mnt type ext4 (rw)

时间： 2024-10-11 10:24:10

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