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选择模块
根据python参考手册的提示,optparse 已经废弃,应使用 argparse
教程
概念
argparse 模块使用 add_argument 来添加可选的命令行参数,原型如下:
ArgumentParser.add_argument(name or flags...[, action][, nargs][, const][, default][, type][, choices][, required][, help][, metavar][, dest]) Define how a single command-line argument should be parsed. Each parameter has its own more detailed description below, but in short they are: name or flags - Either a name or a list of option strings, e.g. foo or -f, --foo. action - The basic type of action to be taken when this argument is encountered at the command line. nargs - The number of command-line arguments that should be consumed. const - A constant value required by some action and nargs selections. default - The value produced if the argument is absent from the command line. type - The type to which the command-line argument should be converted. choices - A container of the allowable values for the argument. required - Whether or not the command-line option may be omitted (optionals only). help - A brief description of what the argument does. metavar - A name for the argument in usage messages. dest - The name of the attribute to be added to the object returned by parse_args().
上面的说明其实不用看,直接看示例好了:
仅仅想展示一些信息
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ argparse tester """ import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=‘argparse tester‘) parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", help="increase output verbosity", action="store_true") args = parser.parse_args() if args.verbose: print "hello world"
它会输出如下:
$ python t.py $ python t.py -v hello world $ python t.py -h usage: t.py [-h] [-v] argparse tester optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -v, --verbose increase output verbosity
这里 -v 是这个选项的简写,--verbose 是完整拼法,都是可以的
help 是帮助信息,不解释了
args = parse_args() 会返回一个命名空间,只要你添加了一个可选项,比如 verbose,它就会把 verbose 加到 args 里去,就可以直接通过 args.verbose 访问。
如果你想给它起个别名,就需要在 add_argument 里加多一个参数 dest=‘vb‘
这样你就可以通过 args.vb 来访问它了。
action="store_true" 表示该选项不需要接收参数,直接设定 args.verbose = True,
当然如果你不指定 -v,那么 args.verbose 就是 False
但如果你把 action="store_true" 去掉,你就必须给 -v 指定一个值,比如 -v 1
做个求和程序
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ argparse tester """ import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=‘argparse tester‘) parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", help="increase output verbosity", action="store_true") parser.add_argument(‘numbers‘, type=int, help="numbers to calculate", nargs=‘+‘) parser.add_argument(‘-s‘, ‘--sum‘, help="sum all numbers", action=‘store_true‘, default=True) args = parser.parse_args() print "Input:", args.numbers print "Result:" results = args.numbers if args.verbose: print "hello world" if args.sum: results = sum(args.numbers) print "tSum:tt%s" % results
输出如下:
[[email protected] test]$ python t2.py -h usage: t2.py [-h] [-v] [-s] numbers [numbers ...] argparse tester positional arguments: numbers numbers to calculate optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -v, --verbose increase output verbosity -s, --sum sum all numbers [[email protected] test]$ python t2.py 1 2 3 -s Input: [1, 2, 3] Result: Sum: 6
注意到这此可选项 numbers 不再加上 “-” 前缀了,因为这个是位置选项
如果把 nargs="+" 去掉,则只能输入一个数字。因为它指定了number 选项的值个数
如果把 type=int 去掉,则 args.numbers 就是一个字符串,而不会自动转换为整数
注意到 --sum 选项的最后还加上了 default=True,意思是即使你不在命令行中指定 -s,它也会默认被设置为 True
只能2选1的可选项
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ argparse tester """ import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=‘argparse tester‘) #group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", help="increase output verbosity", action="store_true") parser.add_argument(‘numbers‘, type=int, help="numbers to calculate", nargs=‘+‘) parser.add_argument(‘-s‘, ‘--sum‘, help="sum all numbers", action=‘store_true‘, default=True) parser.add_argument(‘-f‘, ‘--format‘, choices=[‘int‘, ‘float‘], help=‘choose result format‘, default=‘int‘) args = parser.parse_args() print "Input:", args.numbers print "Result:" results = args.numbers if args.verbose: print "hello world" if args.format == ‘int‘: format = ‘%d‘ else: format = ‘%f‘ if args.sum: results = sum(args.numbers) print ‘tsum:tt%s‘ % (format % results)
输出如下:
[[email protected] test]$ python t2.py 1 2 3 -f float Input: [1, 2, 3] Result: sum: 6.000000 [[email protected] test]$ python t2.py 1 2 3 -f double usage: t2.py [-h] [-v] [-s] [-f {int,float}] numbers [numbers ...] t2.py: error: argument -f/--format: invalid choice: ‘double‘ (choose from ‘int‘, ‘float‘)
在添加选项 -f 时,传入了 choices=[‘int‘, ‘float‘] 参数,表示该选项只能从 int 或 float 中2选1
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