一、装饰器

1、为何要用装饰器

#开放封闭原则：对修改封闭，对扩展开放

2、 什么是装饰器

装饰器他人的器具，本身可以是任意可调用对象，被装饰者也可以是任意可调用对象。
强调装饰器的原则：1 不修改被装饰对象的源代码 2 不修改被装饰对象的调用方式
装饰器的目标：在遵循1和2的前提下，为被装饰对象添加上新功能

import time

def index():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘welcome to index‘)

# index()

def wrapper(func):
    start_time = time.time()
    func()
    stop_time = time.time()
    print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop_time - start_time))

wrapper(index)

# ================闭包实现=============================
import time

def index():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘welcome to index‘)

def timmer():
    func = index  # 这么写严格收到层级限制了，内部的函数无法调取，需要return返回值

    def wrapper():  # 注意这里，func已经定义了等于index，就不需要写默认参数了
        start_time = time.time()
        func()
        stop_time = time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop_time - start_time))

    return wrapper

# wrapper=timmer()       #运行timmer，得到的结果是wrapper，并且把值赋给了wrapper
# wrapper()

index = timmer()  # 如上，既然可以把timmer运行的返回值赋值给warpper，那么同理也可以赋值给index
index()

####这么写没有修改源代码，也没有修改调用方式，也加上的新功能。实现了装饰器
####这么写其实是有问题的，如果又来了一个函数。这种闭包就无法实现了。解决方法如下
# ==============================================

import time

def index():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘welcome to index‘)

def home():
    time.sleep(2)
    print(‘welcome to home page‘)

# index()
def timmer(func):
    # func=index
    def wrapper():  # 注意这里，func已经定义了等于index，就不需要写默认参数了
        start_time = time.time()
        func()
        stop_time = time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop_time - start_time))

    return wrapper

index = timmer(index)  # 给func一个index的值，最后返回的值是wrapper，我可以把它赋值给index,home同理
home = timmer(home)
index()
home()

# =================装饰器=======================

import time

def timmer(func):
    # func=index
    def wrapper():
        start = time.time()
        func()
        stop = time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop - start))

    return wrapper

@timmer  # index=timmer(index)   自上而下运行，代表调用timmer 并且给timmer传值为index
def index():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘welcome to index‘)

@timmer # home=timmer(home)
def home():
    time.sleep(2)
    print(‘welcome to home page‘)

index()
home()

# =================被装饰器是有参函数=======================

import time

def timmer(func):
    # func=index
    def wrapper(name):
        start = time.time()
        func(name)
        stop = time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop - start))

    return wrapper

@timmer  # home=timmer(home)
def home(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print(‘welcome %s home ‘ % (home))

home(‘egon‘)

# ===========有参和无参混合用=======================
import time

def timmer(func):
    # func=index
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):  # 闭包函数适应有参无参，各种* 传参的方式
        start = time.time()
        func(*args, **kwargs)
        stop = time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop - start))

    return wrapper

@timmer  # index=timmer(index)   自上而下运行，代表调用timmer 并且给timmer传值为index
def index():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘welcome to index‘)

@timmer  # home=timmer(home)
def home(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print(‘welcome %s to home ‘ % (name))

index()
home(‘agon‘)

import time

def timmer(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.time()
        res = func(*args, **kwargs)

        stop = time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ % (stop - start))
        return res

    return wrapper

@timmer  # index=timmer(index)
def index():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘welcome to index‘)
    return 123

@timmer  # home=timmer(home)
def home(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print(‘welcome %s to home page‘ % name)

# res=index() #res=wrapper()
# print(res)

res1 = home(‘egon‘)  # wrapper(‘egon‘)
print(res1)

装饰器返回值

3、装饰器的使用

import time
def timmer(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        start_time=time.time()
        res=func(*args,**kwargs)
        stop_time=time.time()
        print(‘run time is %s‘ %(stop_time-start_time))
        return res
    return wrapper

@timmer
def foo():
    time.sleep(3)
    print(‘from foo‘)
foo()

无参装饰器

def auth(driver=‘file‘):
    def auth2(func):
        def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
            name=input("user: ")
            pwd=input("pwd: ")

            if driver == ‘file‘:
                if name == ‘egon‘ and pwd == ‘123‘:
                    print(‘login successful‘)
                    res=func(*args,**kwargs)
                    return res
            elif driver == ‘ldap‘:
                print(‘ldap‘)
        return wrapper
    return auth2

@auth(driver=‘file‘)
def foo(name):
    print(name)

foo(‘egon‘)

有参装饰器

4、装饰器语法

被装饰函数的正上方，单独一行
        @deco1
        @deco2
        @deco3
        def foo():
            pass

        foo=deco1(deco2(deco3(foo)))

5、加认证功能的装饰器

current_user = {‘user‘: None}

def auth(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        if current_user[‘user‘]:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)

        name = input(‘name: ‘).strip()
        password = input(‘password: ‘).strip()

        with open(‘db.txt‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) as f:
            user_dic = eval(f.read())
        if name in user_dic and password == user_dic[name]:
            res = func(*args, **kwargs)
            current_user[‘user‘] = name
            return res
        else:
            print(‘user or password error‘)

    return wrapper

@auth  # index=auth(index) index=wrapper
def index():
    print(‘from index‘)

index()

@auth
def home(name):
    print(‘welcome %s‘ % name)

index()  # wrapper()
home(‘egon‘)

无参版本

current_user = {‘user‘: None}

def auth(auth_type=‘file‘):
    def deco(func):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            if auth_type == ‘file‘:
                if current_user[‘user‘]:
                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
                name = input(‘name: ‘).strip()
                password = input(‘password: ‘).strip()

                with open(‘db.txt‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘) as f:
                    user_dic = eval(f.read())
                if name in user_dic and password == user_dic[name]:
                    res = func(*args, **kwargs)
                    current_user[‘user‘] = name
                    return res
                else:
                    print(‘user or password error‘)
            elif auth_type == ‘mysql‘:
                print(‘mysql‘)

            elif auth_type == ‘ldap‘:
                print(‘ldap‘)
            else:
                print(‘not valid auth_type‘)

        return wrapper

    return deco

@auth(auth_type=‘mysql‘)  # @deco  #index=deco(index)
def index():
    print(‘from index‘)

@auth(auth_type=‘file‘)
def home(name):
    print(‘welcome %s‘ % name)

index()  # wrapper()
home(‘egon‘)

有参版本

6、装饰器补充：wraps　　

from functools import wraps

def deco(func):
    @wraps(func) #加在最内层函数正上方
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        return func(*args,**kwargs)
    return wrapper

@deco
def index():
    ‘‘‘哈哈哈哈‘‘‘
    print(‘from index‘)

print(index.__doc__)