关于sqlplus用法的一些总结

SQL> select * from v$version where rownum=1;

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

[[email protected] ~]$ cat /etc/issue

Enterprise Linux Enterprise Linux Server release 5.5 (Carthage)

Kernel \r on an \m

sqlplus是经常用的工具了，它提供了很多功能，用起来十分方便便捷。

1.获取帮助

SQL> help

HELP

----

Accesses this command line help system. Enter HELP INDEX or ? INDEX

for a list of topics.

You can view SQL*Plus resources at

http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/sql_plus/

and the Oracle Database Library at

http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/

HELP|? [topic]

SQL> help index

Enter Help [topic] for help.

@             COPY         PAUSE                    SHUTDOWN

@@            DEFINE       PRINT                    SPOOL

/             DEL          PROMPT                   SQLPLUS

ACCEPT        DESCRIBE     QUIT                     START

APPEND        DISCONNECT   RECOVER                  STARTUP

ARCHIVE LOG   EDIT         REMARK                   STORE

ATTRIBUTE     EXECUTE      REPFOOTER                TIMING

BREAK         EXIT         REPHEADER                TTITLE

BTITLE        GET          RESERVED WORDS (SQL)     UNDEFINE

CHANGE        HELP         RESERVED WORDS (PL/SQL)  VARIABLE

CLEAR         HOST         RUN                      WHENEVER OSERROR

COLUMN        INPUT        SAVE                     WHENEVER SQLERROR

COMPUTE       LIST         SET                      XQUERY

CONNECT       PASSWORD     SHOW

SQL> help set

SET

---

Sets a system variable to alter the SQL*Plus environment settings

for your current session. For example, to:

-   set the display width for data

-   customize HTML formatting

-   enable or disable printing of column headings

-   set the number of lines per page

SET system_variable value

where system_variable and value represent one of the following clauses:

APPI[NFO]{OFF|ON|text}                   NEWP[AGE] {1|n|NONE}

ARRAY[SIZE] {15|n}                       NULL text

AUTO[COMMIT] {OFF|ON|IMM[EDIATE]|n}      NUMF[ORMAT] format

AUTOP[RINT] {OFF|ON}                     NUM[WIDTH] {10|n}

AUTORECOVERY {OFF|ON}                    PAGES[IZE] {14|n}

AUTOT[RACE] {OFF|ON|TRACE[ONLY]}         PAU[SE] {OFF|ON|text}

[EXP[LAIN]] [STAT[ISTICS]]             RECSEP {WR[APPED]|EA[CH]|OFF}

BLO[CKTERMINATOR] {.|c|ON|OFF}           RECSEPCHAR {_|c}

CMDS[EP] {;|c|OFF|ON}                    SERVEROUT[PUT] {ON|OFF}

COLSEP {_|text}                            [SIZE {n | UNLIMITED}]

CON[CAT] {.|c|ON|OFF}                      [FOR[MAT]  {WRA[PPED] |

COPYC[OMMIT] {0|n}                          WOR[D_WRAPPED] |

COPYTYPECHECK {ON|OFF}                      TRU[NCATED]}]

DEF[INE] {&|c|ON|OFF}                    SHIFT[INOUT] {VIS[IBLE] |

DESCRIBE [DEPTH {1|n|ALL}]                 INV[ISIBLE]}

[LINENUM {OFF|ON}] [INDENT {OFF|ON}]   SHOW[MODE] {OFF|ON}

ECHO {OFF|ON}                            SQLBL[ANKLINES] {OFF|ON}

EDITF[ILE] file_name[.ext]               SQLC[ASE] {MIX[ED] |

EMB[EDDED] {OFF|ON}                        LO[WER] | UP[PER]}

ERRORL[OGGING] {ON|OFF}                  SQLCO[NTINUE] {> | text}

[TABLE [schema.]tablename]             SQLN[UMBER] {ON|OFF}

[TRUNCATE] [IDENTIFIER identifier]     SQLPLUSCOMPAT[IBILITY] {x.y[.z]}

ESC[APE] {\|c|OFF|ON}                    SQLPRE[FIX] {#|c}

ESCCHAR {@|?|%|$|OFF}                    SQLP[ROMPT] {SQL>|text}

EXITC[OMMIT] {ON|OFF}                    SQLT[ERMINATOR] {;|c|ON|OFF}

FEED[BACK] {6|n|ON|OFF}                  SUF[FIX] {SQL|text}

FLAGGER {OFF|ENTRY|INTERMED[IATE]|FULL}  TAB {ON|OFF}

FLU[SH] {ON|OFF}                         TERM[OUT] {ON|OFF}

HEA[DING] {ON|OFF}                       TI[ME] {OFF|ON}

HEADS[EP] {||c|ON|OFF}                   TIMI[NG] {OFF|ON}

INSTANCE [instance_path|LOCAL]           TRIM[OUT] {ON|OFF}

LIN[ESIZE] {80|n}                        TRIMS[POOL] {OFF|ON}

LOBOF[FSET] {1|n}                        UND[ERLINE] {-|c|ON|OFF}

LOGSOURCE [pathname]                     VER[IFY] {ON|OFF}

LONG {80|n}                              WRA[P] {ON|OFF}

LONGC[HUNKSIZE] {80|n}                   XQUERY {BASEURI text|

MARK[UP] HTML [OFF|ON]                     ORDERING{UNORDERED|

[HEAD text] [BODY text] [TABLE text]              ORDERED|DEFAULT}|

[ENTMAP {ON|OFF}]                        NODE{BYVALUE|BYREFERENCE|

[SPOOL {OFF|ON}]                              DEFAULT}|

[PRE[FORMAT] {OFF|ON}]                   CONTEXT text}

2.查看表的结构：

SQL> desc v$process;

名称                                    是否为空? 类型

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

ADDR                                               RAW(4)

PID                                                NUMBER

SPID                                               VARCHAR2(24)

PNAME                                              VARCHAR2(5)

USERNAME                                           VARCHAR2(15)

SERIAL#                                            NUMBER

TERMINAL                                           VARCHAR2(30)

PROGRAM                                            VARCHAR2(48)

TRACEID                                            VARCHAR2(255)

TRACEFILE                                          VARCHAR2(513)

BACKGROUND                                         VARCHAR2(1)

LATCHWAIT                                          VARCHAR2(8)

LATCHSPIN                                          VARCHAR2(8)

PGA_USED_MEM                                       NUMBER

PGA_ALLOC_MEM                                      NUMBER

PGA_FREEABLE_MEM                                   NUMBER

PGA_MAX_MEM                                        NUMBER

3.编辑sql语句(下面罗列了一部分命令）

A[PPEND] text   将text附加到当前行之后

C[HANGE] /old/new 将当前行的old替换成old

CL[EAR]BUFF[ER]    清除缓冲区的所有行

DEL                       删除当前行

DEL x                     删除x行

L[IST]                    列出缓冲区的所有行

L[IST] x                 列出缓冲区的第x行

R[UN] 或者 /          运行缓冲区所保存的语句

x                          将x行作为当前行

SQL> LIST

1* select * from t

SQL> clear buffer;

buffer 已清除

SQL> list

SP2-0223: SQL 缓冲区中不存在行。

SQL> /

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

SQL> run

1* select * from v$version

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

4.保存，检索并运行文件

SAV[E] filename :将sqlplus里的缓冲区的内容保存到filename指定的文件中，append将缓冲区的内容追加到现有的文件之后，replace说明替换一个现有的文件

[{REPLACE|APPEND}]

GET filename：将filename里指定的内容读入到sqlplus缓冲区中

STA[RT] filename：将filename里指定的内容读入到sqlplus缓冲区中，并运行

@filename：同start命令

ED[IT]：sqlplus里缓冲区的内容复制到一个命为afiedt.buf的文件中，然后启动os默认的编辑器，在退出编辑器时，其中的内容被复制到sqlplus缓冲区中

ED[IT] filename：与edit相同，不同的是指定了文件名

SPO[OL] filename：sqlplus缓冲区的内容复制到filename文件中

SPO[OL] OFF：停止sqlplus的输出结果复制到filename指定的文件中，并关闭该文件

SQL> edit

已写入 file afiedt.buf

1* select * from v$version

SQL> !cat afiedt.buf

select * from v$version

/

SPOOL用的次数很多，很方便查看

SQL> spool diy_os.lst

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

CORE    11.2.0.1.0      Production

TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

SQL> spool off;

SQL> !cat wang.lst

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

CORE    11.2.0.1.0      Production

TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

SQL> spool off;

5.格式化列，清除列格式

COL[UMN] {column | alias}[options]

column指定列名

alias 指定格式化列的别名

option 指定用于格式化列或者别名的一个或多个选项

格式化选项：

FOR[MATE] format：将列或别名的显示格式设置为由format字符串指定的格式

HEA[DING] heading：将列或别名的标题中的文本设置成有heading字符串指定的格式

JUS[TIFY]  [{LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT}] ：将列输出设置为左对齐，居中，或右对齐

WRA[PPED]：在输出结果中将一个字符串的末尾换行显示，该选项可能导致单个单词跨越多行

WOR[D_WRAPPED]：与WRAPPED选项类似，不同之处在于单个单词不会跨越两行

CLE[AR]：清除列的任何格式化（将格式设置成默认）=>colum id clear;

上面format可以使用很多格式化参数

比如：

COLUMN LAST_NAME FORMAT A20 HEADING ‘EMPLOYEE|NAME‘

COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $9,999,990.99

COLUMN SALARY+COMMISSION_PCT+BONUS-EXPENSES-INS-TAX ALIAS NET

COLUMN NET FORMAT $9,999,999.99 NULL ‘<NULL>‘

COLUMN REMARKS FORMAT A20 WRAP

以下摘自官方文档：  http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e16604/ch_twelve013.htm

Character Columns 

The default width of CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR2
(VARCHAR) and NVARCHAR2 (NCHAR VARYING) columns is the width of the column in the database. SQL*Plus formats these datatypes left-justified. If a
value does not fit within the column width, SQL*Plus wraps or truncates the character string depending on the setting of SET WRAP.

A LONG, BLOB, BFILE, CLOB,
NCLOB or XMLType column‘s width defaults to the value of SET LONGCHUNKSIZE
or SET LONG, whichever one is smaller.

SQL*Plus truncates or wraps XMLType columns after 2000 bytes. To avoid this you need to set an explicit COLUMN format for the XMLType column. A COLUMN format can be up to a maximum of 60000 per row.

To change the width of a datatype
to n, use FORMAT An. (A stands for alphabetic.) If you specify a width shorter than the column heading,
SQL*Plus truncates the heading.

DATE Columns 

The default width and format of unformatted DATE columns in SQL*Plus is derived from the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter. The NLS_DATE_FORMAT setting is determined by the NLS territory parameter. For example, the default format for the NLS territory, America, is
DD-Mon-RR, and the default width is A9. The NLS parameters may be set in your database parameter file, in environment variables or an equivalent platform-specific mechanism. They may also be specified for each session with the ALTER SESSION command. For more
information about DATE formats, and about NLS parameters, see the Oracle
Database SQL Language Reference.

You can change the format of any DATE column using the SQL function TO_CHAR in your SQL SELECT statement. You may also wish to use an explicit COLUMN
FORMAT command to adjust the column width.

When you use SQL functions like TO_CHAR, Oracle Database automatically enables a very wide column. The default column width may also depend on the character sets in use in SQL*Plus and in the database. To maximize script portability if multiple characters sets
are used, Oracle Database recommends using COLUMN FORMAT for each column selected.

To change the width of a DATE column to n, use the COLUMN command with FORMAT An. If you specify a width
shorter than the column heading, the heading is truncated.

NUMBER Columns For numeric columns, COLUMN FORMAT settings take precedence over SET NUMFORMAT settings, which take precedence over SET NUMWIDTH settings.

See SET NUMF[ORMAT] format and SET
NUM[WIDTH] {10 | n}.

To change a NUMBER column‘s width,
use FORMAT followed by an element as specified in Table
12-1, "Number Formats".

Table 12-1 Number Formats

Element Examples Description

, (comma)

 
9,999

Displays a comma in the specified position.

. (period)

 
99.99

Displays a period (decimal point) to separate the integral and fractional parts of a number.

$

 
$9999

Displays a leading dollar sign.

0

 
0999 9990

Displays leading zeros Displays trailing zeros.

9

 
9999

Displays a value with the number of digits specified by the number of 9s. Value has a leading space if positive, a leading minus sign if negative. Blanks are displayed for leading zeroes. A zero (0) is displayed for a value of zero.

B

 
B9999

Displays blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part is zero, regardless of zeros in the format model.

C

 
C999

Displays the ISO currency symbol in the specified position.

D

 
99D99

Displays the decimal character to separate the integral and fractional parts of a number.

EEEE

 
9.999EEEE

Displays value in scientific notation (format must contain exactly four "E"s).

G

 
9G999

Displays the group separator in the specified positions in the integral part of a number.

L

 
L999

Displays the local currency symbol in the specified position.

MI

 
9999MI

Displays a trailing minus sign after a negative value. Display a trailing space after a positive value.

PR

 
9999PR

Displays a negative value in <angle brackets>. Displays a positive value with a leading and trailing space.

RN rn

 
RN rn

Displays uppercase Roman numerals. Displays lowercase Roman numerals. Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.

S

 
S9999 9999S

Displays a leading minus or plus sign. Displays a trailing minus or plus sign.

TM

 
TM

Displays the smallest number of decimal characters possible. The default is TM9. Fixed notation is used for output up to 64 characters, scientific notation for more than 64 characters. Cannot precede TM with any other element. TM can only be followed by a single
9 or E

U

 
U9999

Displays the dual currency symbol in the specified position.

V

 
999V99

Displays value multiplied by 10n, where n is the number of 9‘s after the V.

X

 
XXXX xxxx

Displays the hexadecimal value for the rounded value of the specified number of digits.

]6.设置页面，行大小

SQL> set pagesize 100

SQL> set linesize 100

SQL> select * from dba_data_files where rownum<4;

FILE_NAME

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FILE_ID TABLESPACE_NAME                     BYTES     BLOCKS STATUS    RELATIVE_FNO AUT

---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ---------- --------- ------------ ---

MAXBYTES  MAXBLOCKS INCREMENT_BY USER_BYTES USER_BLOCKS ONLINE_

---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------- -------

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl3939/user01.dbf

4 USERS                            52428800       6400 AVAILABLE           4 NO

0          0            0   51380224        6272 ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl3939/undotbs01.dbf

3 UNDOTBS1                        917504000     112000 AVAILABLE           3 YES

3.4360E+10    4194302          640  916455424      111872 ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl3939/sysaux01.dbf

2 SYSAUX                          754974720      92160 AVAILABLE           2 YES

3.4360E+10    4194302         1280  753926144       92032 ONLINE

时间： 2024-10-29 13:54:07

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