Nwet=CairHmix(1-exp(-λt)) Cair: g/m3; λ: s-1; t: s; Hmix: m; Nwet: g/m2; g/m2=10 kg/ha
Reference: 1 Estimated washout coefficients for sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone; 2 基于 GOME-2 卫星遥感数据估算近海海域氮沉降通量的方法研究
Abstract: The washout coefficient of a gas in air is the fraction of it removed in unit time by rain below cloud base. The ‘apparent’ coefficients were estimated by statistically comparing hourly ground-level concentrations just before and at the onset of heavy, non-frontal rain. The concentrations were obtained from 5 y of continuous monitoring at a rural site.
The coefficient (s−1) estimated for SO2 was (2.61 ± 0.14) × 10−5 times the rate of rainfall (mm h −1). This is completely consistent with a previously published value derived from the data from 10 rural sites for one year, and both estimates are consistent with published values of dissolved SO2 in rainwater at another rural site, giving some confidence in the technique.
The values of the coefficients estimated for NO and NO2 were about 40 and 80%, respectively of that for SO2. Some nitrite is found in rainwater, but not enough to explain the washout found. However, the analysers used would measure HNO3 aerosols as NO2, and these are very soluble. In addition, fast reactions are known which can convert oxides of nitrogen into soluble nitrates, present in sufficient concentration in rainwater.
The statistical process leads to the coefficient estimated for O3 being negative, implying that O3 is produced at the time of rain. This is most probably due to the strong winds and turbulence which accompany heavy rain, giving replenishment of low-level O3 from upper air levels where O3 is normally produced. No systematic changes in the other gas concentrations accompany the changes in O3 values.
λ=2.088*10-5*PH=2.088*10-5* PD/24; Note: the unit is s-1; If we calculate the washout coefficient daily: t= 24*3600s, then λt=2.088*10-5* PD/24*24*3600=2.088*10-5*PD*3600
Hour: Dwet=Cair*[1-exp(-2.088*10-5*3600*PH)]*Hmix
Daily: Dw=Cair*[1-exp(-2.088*10-5*3600*PD)]*Hmix
Monthly: Dw=Cair*[1-exp(-2.088*10-5*3600*PM)]*Hmix
From OMI NO2 VCDs to ground NO2, From 1013 molecules cm-2 to ug/m3
Cair: c*1013 molecules cm-2= c*1017 molecules m-2=(c×1017×14)/(1500×NA ) g/m3=(c×14)/(6.02*1500) ug/m3
Ground NO2 by Xiaomin Zhang, From 1010 molecules cm-3 to ug/m3
c*1010 molecules cm-3=c*1010 *1012*14/NA ug/m3=c*14/60.2 ug/m3=0.23*c ug/m3
Ndep=0.23*c*EXPRatio*1500*30*10-5 kg/ha=0.1035*c*EXPRatio
Pre: EXPRatio=1-Exp(-"pre200501" * 0.002506), divede 30
Now: EXPRatio=1-Exp(-"pre200501" * 0.075), not divide
Results: 0.1*observation
Reason: the EXPRatio influenced little; vertical pre was considered only, otherwise other directions should be included; the NO2 VCD before rain event should be used.
Critical shortcoming: No convicing reference supported