Tomcat即是一个HTTP服务器，也是一个servlet容器，主要目的就是包装servlet，并对请求响应相应的servlet，纯servlet的web应用似乎很好理解Tomcat是如何装载servlet的，但，当使用一些MVC框架时，如spring MVC、strusts2，可能就找不出servlet在哪里？其实spring MVC框架就是一整个servlet，在web.xml中配置如下：
<!-- Spring MVC servlet --> <servlet> <servlet-name>SpringMVC</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath:spring-mvc.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> <async-supported>true</async-supported> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>SpringMVC</servlet-name> <!-- 此处可以可以配置成*.do，对应struts的后缀习惯 --> <url-pattern>/</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
而Struts2是基于过滤器的（过滤器也称作阀门，过滤器链相当于流水线），过滤器执行在调用servlet的service()方法之前。在web.xml的配置如下：
<span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:18px;"><filter>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping></span>
他的总体结构用下图来表示。
通过上图我们可以看出Tomcat中主要涉及Server,Service,Engine,Connector,Host,Context组件，之前用过Tomcat的童鞋是不是觉得这些组件的名称有点似曾相识的赶脚，没赶脚？！您再想想。好吧，不用你想了，我来告诉你吧。其实在Tomcat二进制分发包解压后,在conf目录中有一个server.xml文件，你打开它瞄两眼看看，是不是发现server.xml文件中已经包含了上述的几个名称。
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
(the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
-->
<!-- Note: A "Server" is not itself a "Container", so you may not
define subcomponents such as "Valves" at this level.
Documentation at /docs/config/server.html
-->
<Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
<!-- Security listener. Documentation at /docs/config/listeners.html
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener" />
-->
<!--APR library loader. Documentation at /docs/apr.html -->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener" SSLEngine="on" />
<!--Initialize Jasper prior to webapps are loaded. Documentation at /docs/jasper-howto.html -->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JasperListener" />
<!-- Prevent memory leaks due to use of particular java/javax APIs-->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" />
<!-- Global JNDI resources
Documentation at /docs/jndi-resources-howto.html
-->
<GlobalNamingResources>
<!-- Editable user database that can also be used by
UserDatabaseRealm to authenticate users
-->
<Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
description="User database that can be updated and saved"
factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
</GlobalNamingResources>
<!-- A "Service" is a collection of one or more "Connectors" that share
a single "Container" Note: A "Service" is not itself a "Container",
so you may not define subcomponents such as "Valves" at this level.
Documentation at /docs/config/service.html
-->
<Service name="Catalina">
<!--The connectors can use a shared executor, you can define one or more named thread pools-->
<!--
<Executor name="tomcatThreadPool" namePrefix="catalina-exec-"
maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="4"/>
-->
<!-- A "Connector" represents an endpoint by which requests are received
and responses are returned. Documentation at :
Java HTTP Connector: /docs/config/http.html (blocking & non-blocking)
Java AJP Connector: /docs/config/ajp.html
APR (HTTP/AJP) Connector: /docs/apr.html
Define a non-SSL HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8080
-->
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />
<!-- A "Connector" using the shared thread pool-->
<!--
<Connector executor="tomcatThreadPool"
port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />
-->
<!-- Define a SSL HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443
This connector uses the JSSE configuration, when using APR, the
connector should be using the OpenSSL style configuration
described in the APR documentation -->
<!--
<Connector port="8443" protocol="HTTP/1.1" SSLEnabled="true"
maxThreads="150" scheme="https" secure="true"
clientAuth="false" sslProtocol="TLS" />
-->
<!-- Define an AJP 1.3 Connector on port 8009 -->
<Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
<!-- An Engine represents the entry point (within Catalina) that processes
every request. The Engine implementation for Tomcat stand alone
analyzes the HTTP headers included with the request, and passes them
on to the appropriate Host (virtual host).
Documentation at /docs/config/engine.html -->
<!-- You should set jvmRoute to support load-balancing via AJP ie :
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="192.168.1.50" jvmRoute="jvm1">
-->
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="192.168.1.50">
<!--For clustering, please take a look at documentation at:
/docs/cluster-howto.html (simple how to)
/docs/config/cluster.html (reference documentation) -->
<!--
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"/>
-->
<!-- Use the LockOutRealm to prevent attempts to guess user passwords
via a brute-force attack -->
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">
<!-- This Realm uses the UserDatabase configured in the global JNDI
resources under the key "UserDatabase". Any edits
that are performed against this UserDatabase are immediately
available for use by the Realm. -->
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
</Realm>
<Host name="192.168.1.50" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html -->
<!--
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" />
-->
<!-- Access log processes all example.
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html
Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern="common" -->
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="192.168.1.50_access_log." suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
Tomcat加载时相应组件（容器）的配置参数都是从这个文件读进去的，这个文件也是Tomcat性能优化的关键。接下来我们就根据上图以及conf/server.xml的内容来一步步描述一下上面所说的各种组件吧。
Server
Server是Tomcat中最顶层的组件，它可以包含多个Service组件。在Tomcat源代码中Server组件对应源码中的 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer 类。StandardServer的继承关系图如下图所示：
Lifecycle是Tomcat的生命周期接口。保持组件启动和停止一致的的机制通过实现org.apache.catalina.Lifecycle接口来实现。
Service
接下来咋们来看看Service组件，Service组件相当于Connetor和Engine组件的包装器，它将一个或者多个Connector组件和一个Engine建立关联。上述配置文件中，定义一个叫Catalina的服务，并将Http,AJP（定向包的协议）这两个Connector关联到了一个名为Catalina的Service，注意一个Connetor对应处理一种协议。Service组件对应Tomcat源代码中的org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService,StandardService的继承关系图如下图所示：
Connector
既然Tomcat需要提供http服务，而我们知道http应用层协议最终都是需要通过TCP层的协议进行传递的，而Connector正是Tomcat中监听TCP网络连接的组件，一个Connector会监听一个独立的端口来处理来自客户端的连接。缺省的情况下Tomcat提供了如下两个Connector。我们分别描述一下：
- HTTP/1.1
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" />上面定义了一个Connector，它缺省监听端口8080,这个端口我们可以根据具体情况进行改动。connectionTimeout定义了连接超时时间，单位是毫秒，redirectPort定义了ssl的重定向接口，根据缺省的配置，Connector会将ssl请求重定向到8443端口。 - AJP/1.3
AJP表示
Apache Jserv Protocol,此连接器将处理Tomcat和Aapache http服务器之间的交互，这个连接器是用来处理我们将Tomcat和Apache http服务器结合使用的情况。假如在同样的一台物理Server上面部署了一台Apache http服务器和多台Tomcat服务器，通过Apache服务器来处理静态资源以及负载均衡的时候，针对不同的Tomcat实例需要AJP监听不同的端口。
Connector对应源代码中的org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector,它的继承关系图如下所示：
Engine
Tomcat中有一个容器的概念，而Engine,Host,Context都属于Contanier，我们先来说说最顶层的容器Engine.
一个Engine可以包含一个或者多个Host,也就是说我们一个Tomcat的实例可以配置多个虚拟主机。
缺省的情况下<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">定义了一个名称为Cataline的Engine.Engine对应源代码中的org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine，它的继承关系图如下图所示：
Host定义了一个虚拟主机，一个虚拟主机可以有多个Context，缺省的配置如下：
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">….</Host> 其中appBase为webapps，也就是<CATALINA_HOME>\webapps目录，unpackingWARS属性指定在appBase指定的目录中的war包都自动的解压，缺省配置为true,autoDeploy属性指定是否对加入到appBase目录的war包进行自动的部署，缺省为true.
Host对应源代码中的org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost,它的继承关系图如下所示：
Context
在Tomcat中，每一个运行的webapp其实最终都是以Context的形成存在，每个Context都有一个根路径和请求URL路径，Context对应源代码中的org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext,它的继承关系图如下图所示：
在Tomcat中我们通常采用如下的两种方式创建一个Context.下面分别描述一下：
- 在
<CATALINA-HOME>\webapps目录中创建一个目录，这个时候将自动创建一个context，默认context的访问url为http://host:port/dirname,你也可以通过在ContextRoot\META-INF中创建一个context.xml的文件，其中包含如下的内容来指定应用的访问路径。<Context
path="/yourUrlPath" /> - conf\server.xml文件中增加context元素。 第二种创建context的方法，我们可以选择在server.xml文件的
<Host>元素，比如我们在server.xml文件中增加如下内容：
.......<span style="line-height: 1.5;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.5;">.........</span><Context path="/mypath" docBase="/Users/xxx" reloadable="true"> </Context> </Host> </Engine> </Service> </Server>这样的话，我们就可以通过
http://host:port/mypath访问上面配置的context了。
Valve
Valve中文意思是阀门，Valve是Tomcat中责任链模式的实现，通过链接多个Valve对请求进行处理。每个容器都有一个流水线Pipeline（过滤器链），每个流水线至少有一个阀门。其中Valve可以定义在任何的Container中，上面说的Engine,Host,Context都属于容器。tomcat 默认定义了一个名为org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve的Valve,这个Valve负责拦截每个请求，然后记录一条访问日志。 通过上面的分析，我们发现Server,Service,Engine,Host,Context都实现了org.apache.catalina.Lifecycle接口，通过这个接口管理了这些核心组件的生命周期，关于这些组件的生命周期，我们在下一篇文章描述。
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