可靠的功能測试, 意味着在不论什么时候, 获取的測试结果均同样, 这就须要模拟(Mock)数据. 測试框架能够使用Android推荐的Espresso. 模拟数据能够使用Dagger2, 一种依赖注入框架.
Dagger2已经成为众多Android开发人员的必备工具, 是一个高速的依赖注入框架，由Square开发。并针对Android做了特别优化, 已经被Google进行Fork开发. 不像其它的依赖注入器, Dagger2没有使用反射, 而是使用预生成代码, 提高运行速度.
单元測试一般会模拟全部依赖, 避免出现不可靠的情况, 而功能測试也能够这样做. 一个经典的样例是怎样模拟稳定的网络数据, 能够使用Dagger2处理这样的情况.
Talk is cheap! 我来解说下怎样实现.
Github下载地址
1. 配置依赖环境
主要:
(1) Lambda表达式支持.
(2) Dagger2依赖注入框架.
(3) RxAndroid响应式编程框架.
(4) Retrofit2网络库框架.
(5) Espresso測试框架.
(6) DataBinding数据绑定支持.
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
classpath ‘com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8‘
}
}
// Lambda表达式
plugins {
id "me.tatarka.retrolambda" version "3.2.4"
}
apply plugin: ‘com.android.application‘
apply plugin: ‘com.neenbedankt.android-apt‘ // 凝视处理
final BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION = ‘23.0.1‘
android {
compileSdkVersion 23
buildToolsVersion "${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION}"
defaultConfig {
applicationId "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo"
minSdkVersion 16
targetSdkVersion 23
versionCode 1
versionName "1.0"
testInstrumentationRunner "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.runner.WeatherTestRunner"
}
buildTypes {
release {
minifyEnabled false
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile(‘proguard-android.txt‘), ‘proguard-rules.pro‘
}
}
// 凝视冲突
packagingOptions {
exclude ‘META-INF/services/javax.annotation.processing.Processor‘
}
// 使用Java1.8
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
// 数据绑定
dataBinding {
enabled = true
}
}
final DAGGER_VERSION = ‘2.0.2‘
final RETROFIT_VERSION = ‘2.0.0-beta2‘
dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: ‘libs‘, include: [‘*.jar‘])
testCompile ‘junit:junit:4.12‘
// Warning:Conflict with dependency ‘com.android.support:support-annotations‘.
// Resolved versions for app (23.1.1) and test app (23.0.1) differ.
// See http://g.co/androidstudio/app-test-app-conflict for details.
compile "com.android.support:appcompat-v7:${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION}" // 须要与BuildTools保持一致
compile ‘com.jakewharton:butterknife:7.0.1‘ // 标注
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
compile ‘io.reactivex:rxandroid:1.1.0‘ // RxAndroid
compile ‘io.reactivex:rxjava:1.1.0‘ // 推荐同一时候载入RxJava
compile "com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit网络处理
compile "com.squareup.retrofit:adapter-rxjava:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit的rx解析库
compile "com.squareup.retrofit:converter-gson:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit的gson库
compile ‘com.squareup.okhttp:logging-interceptor:2.6.0‘ // 拦截器
// 測试的编译
androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test:runner:0.4.1‘ // Android JUnit Runner
androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test:rules:0.4.1‘ // JUnit4 Rules
androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.1‘ // Espresso core
provided ‘javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0‘ // Java标注
}Lambda表达式支持, 优雅整洁代码的关键.
// Lambda表达式
plugins {
id "me.tatarka.retrolambda" version "3.2.4"
}
android {
// 使用Java1.8
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
}Dagger2依赖注入框架, 实现依赖注入. android-apt使用生成代码的插件.
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
classpath ‘com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8‘
}
}
apply plugin: ‘com.neenbedankt.android-apt‘ // 凝视处理
dependencies {
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
provided ‘javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0‘ // Java标注
}測试, 在默认配置中加入Runner, 在依赖中加入espresso库.
android{
defaultConfig {
testInstrumentationRunner "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.runner.WeatherTestRunner"
}
}
dependencies {
testCompile ‘junit:junit:4.12‘
// 測试的编译
androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test:runner:0.4.1‘ // Android JUnit Runner
androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test:rules:0.4.1‘ // JUnit4 Rules
androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.1‘ // Espresso core
}数据绑定
android{
// 数据绑定
dataBinding {
enabled = true
}
}2. 设置项目
使用数据绑定, 实现了简单的搜索天功能.
/**
* 实现简单的查询天气的功能.
*
* @author wangchenlong
*/
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private ActivityMainBinding mBinding; // 数据绑定
private MenuItem mSearchItem; // 菜单项
private Subscription mSubscription; // 订阅
@Inject WeatherApiClient mWeatherApiClient; // 天气client
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
((WeatherApplication) getApplication()).getAppComponent().inject(this);
mBinding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.activity_main);
}
@Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_activity_main, menu); // 载入文件夹资源
mSearchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.menu_action_search);
tintSearchMenuItem();
initSearchView();
return true;
}
// 搜索项着色, 会覆盖基础颜色, 取交集.
private void tintSearchMenuItem() {
int color = ContextCompat.getColor(this, android.R.color.white); // 白色
mSearchItem.getIcon().setColorFilter(color, PorterDuff.Mode.SRC_IN); // 交集
}
// 搜索项初始化
private void initSearchView() {
SearchView searchView = (SearchView) MenuItemCompat.getActionView(mSearchItem);
searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(new SearchView.OnQueryTextListener() {
@Override public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) {
MenuItemCompat.collapseActionView(mSearchItem);
loadWeatherData(query); // 载入查询数据
return true;
}
@Override public boolean onQueryTextChange(String newText) {
return false;
}
});
}
// 载入天气数据
private void loadWeatherData(String cityName) {
mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
mSubscription = mWeatherApiClient
.getWeatherForCity(cityName)
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
.subscribe(this::bindData, this::bindDataError);
}
// 绑定天气数据
private void bindData(WeatherData weatherData) {
mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
mBinding.weatherLayout.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
mBinding.setWeatherData(weatherData);
}
// 绑定数据失败
private void bindDataError(Throwable throwable) {
mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
if (mSubscription != null) {
mSubscription.unsubscribe();
}
super.onDestroy();
}
}数据绑定实现数据和显示分离, 解耦项目, 易于管理, 很适合数据展示页面.
在layout中设置数据.
<data>
<variable
name="weatherData"
type="clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.data.WeatherData"/>
</data>在代码中绑定数据.
mBinding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.activity_main);
mBinding.setWeatherData(weatherData);搜索框的设置.
@Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_activity_main, menu); // 载入文件夹资源
mSearchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.menu_action_search);
tintSearchMenuItem();
initSearchView();
return true;
}
// 搜索项着色, 会覆盖基础颜色, 取交集.
private void tintSearchMenuItem() {
int color = ContextCompat.getColor(this, android.R.color.white); // 白色
mSearchItem.getIcon().setColorFilter(color, PorterDuff.Mode.SRC_IN); // 交集
}
// 搜索项初始化
private void initSearchView() {
SearchView searchView = (SearchView) MenuItemCompat.getActionView(mSearchItem);
searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(new SearchView.OnQueryTextListener() {
@Override public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) {
MenuItemCompat.collapseActionView(mSearchItem);
loadWeatherData(query); // 载入查询数据
return true;
}
@Override public boolean onQueryTextChange(String newText) {
return false;
}
});
}3. 功能測试
这一部分, 我会重点解说.
既然使用Dagger2, 那么我们就来配置依赖注入.
三部曲: Module -> Component -> Application
Module, 使用模拟Api类, MockWeatherApiClient.
/**
* 測试App的Module, 提供AppContext, WeatherApiClient的模拟数据.
* <p>
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
@Module
public class TestAppModule {
private final Context mContext;
public TestAppModule(Context context) {
mContext = context.getApplicationContext();
}
@AppScope
@Provides
public Context provideAppContext() {
return mContext;
}
@Provides
public WeatherApiClient provideWeatherApiClient() {
return new MockWeatherApiClient();
}
}Component, 注入MainActivityTest.
/**
* 測试组件, 加入TestAppModule
* <p>
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
@AppScope
@Component(modules = TestAppModule.class)
public interface TestAppComponent extends AppComponent {
void inject(MainActivityTest test);
}Application, 继承非測试的Application(WeatherApplication), 设置測试组件, 重写获取组件的方法(getAppComponent).
/**
* 測试天气应用
* <p>
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
public class TestWeatherApplication extends WeatherApplication {
private TestAppComponent mTestAppComponent;
@Override public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
mTestAppComponent = DaggerTestAppComponent.builder()
.testAppModule(new TestAppModule(this))
.build();
}
// 组件
@Override
public TestAppComponent getAppComponent() {
return mTestAppComponent;
}
}Mock数据类, 使用模拟数据创建Gson类, 延迟发送至监听接口.
/**
* 模拟天气Apiclient
*/
public class MockWeatherApiClient implements WeatherApiClient {
@Override public Observable<WeatherData> getWeatherForCity(String cityName) {
// 获得模拟数据
WeatherData weatherData = new Gson().fromJson(TestData.MUNICH_WEATHER_DATA_JSON, WeatherData.class);
return Observable.just(weatherData).delay(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // 延迟时间
}
}注冊Application至TestRunner.
/**
* 更换Application, 设置TestRunner
*/
public class WeatherTestRunner extends AndroidJUnitRunner {
@Override
public Application newApplication(ClassLoader cl, String className, Context context) throws InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException {
String testApplicationClassName = TestWeatherApplication.class.getCanonicalName();
return super.newApplication(cl, testApplicationClassName, context);
}
}測试主类
/**
* 測试的Activity
* <p>
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
@LargeTest
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class MainActivityTest {
private static final String CITY_NAME = "Beijing"; // 由于我们使用測试接口, 设置不论什么都能够.
@Rule public ActivityTestRule<MainActivity> activityTestRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(MainActivity.class);
@Inject WeatherApiClient weatherApiClient;
@Before
public void setUp() {
((TestWeatherApplication) activityTestRule.getActivity().getApplication()).getAppComponent().inject(this);
}
@Test
public void correctWeatherDataDisplayed() {
WeatherData weatherData = weatherApiClient.getWeatherForCity(CITY_NAME).toBlocking().first();
onView(withId(R.id.menu_action_search)).perform(click());
onView(withId(android.support.v7.appcompat.R.id.search_src_text)).perform(replaceText(CITY_NAME));
onView(withId(android.support.v7.appcompat.R.id.search_src_text)).perform(pressKey(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_ENTER));
onView(withId(R.id.city_name)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getCityName())));
onView(withId(R.id.weather_date)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherDate())));
onView(withId(R.id.weather_state)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherState())));
onView(withId(R.id.weather_description)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherDescription())));
onView(withId(R.id.temperature)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getTemperatureCelsius())));
onView(withId(R.id.humidity)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getHumidity())));
}
}ActivityTestRule设置MainActivity.class測试类.
setup设置依赖注入, 注入TestWeatherApplication的组件.
使用WeatherApiClient的数据, 模拟类的功能. 由于数据是预设的, 不论有无网络, 都能够进行可靠的功能測试.
运行測试, 右键点击MainActivityTest, 使用Run ‘MainActivityTest’.
OK, that’s all! Enjoy it!
时间： 2024-10-05 04:27:42