Oracle备份恢复之无备份情况下恢复undo表空间

如果你的数据库还能干净的关闭，但在正常情况下无法新建UNDO表空间，那么执行以下的步骤：
I.A. THE DATABASE WAS CLEANLY SHUT DOWN 
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If you are ABSOLUTELY POSITIVE that the database was cleanly shutdown, 
i.e., it was closed with either shutdown NORMAL or IMMEDIATE, then 
the simplest solution is to offline drop the missing datafile, open the 
database in restricted mode, and then drop and recreate the undo  
tablespace to which the file belonged.  DO NOT follow this procedure 
if the database was shut down ABORT or if it crashed. 
The steps are: 
1. Make sure the database was last cleanly shut down. 
   Check the alert.log file for this instance.  Go to the bottom of 
   the file and make sure the last time you shut the database down 
   you got the messages: 
        "Shutting down instance (immediate)" 
   OR
"alter database close normal  
         Completed: alter database close normal"
   This also includes the case of a clean shutdown followed by a 
   failed attempt to startup the database.  In that case, Oracle will 
   issue error messages and shut itself down abort.  For the purposes 
   of this solution, though, this counts as a clean shutdown. 
   If that is not the case, i.e., if the last time YOU shut the database 
   down it was in abort mode, or the database crashed itself, it is 
   NOT safe to proceed.  You should follow the instructions for 
   case I.B below. 
2. If using automatic UNDO_MANAGEMENT, comment out this entry from the parameter 
   file, or set it to MANUAL.  
将UNDO_MANAGEMENT修改为MANUAL是因为UNDO表空间在自动管理模式下，如果不能成功新建回滚段（后面会DROP现有表空间）将导致数据库实例宕机。
   If using rollback segments, remove all the rollback segments in the 
   tablespace to which the lost datafile belongs from the ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS 
   parameter in the init.ora file for this instance.  If you are not sure about which rollbacks are 
   in that tablespace, simply comment out the whole ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS entry. 
3. Mount the database in restricted mode. 
   SQL> STARTUP RESTRICT MOUNT 
以RESTRICT模式启动实例是避免在处理过程中有其他客户端连接。
4. Offline drop the lost datafile. 
   SQL> ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE ‘‘ OFFLINE DROP; 
5. Open the database. 
   SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN 
   You should receive the message "Statement processed,".  
   If instead you get ORA-604, ORA-376, and ORA-1110, it is likely the shutdown
   was not normal/immediate.  Review the rest of the options available and/or 
   contact Oracle Support Services.   
6. Drop the undo tablespace or tablespace which contains rollback segments
   to which the datafile belonged. 
   SQL> DROP TABLESPACE INCLUDING CONTENTS; 
7. Recreate the undo tablespace.  If using rollback segments, recreate the 
   rollback segment tablespace and all it‘s rollback segments.  Remember to 
   bring the rollbacks online after you create them. 
  SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE UNDOTBS2 DATAFILE <datafile_name< span="" style="word-wrap: break-word;">> SIZE 1G AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 100M;
8. Edit the parameter file setting:
   UNDO_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
   UNDO_TABLESPACE= 
   If using rollback segments, reinclude the rollbacks you just recreated in 
   the ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter in the init.ora file for this instance. 
   As rollback segments were brought online in step #7, no need to proceed 
   with shutdown/startup as needed for undo tablespace.  All that is required
   is:
   SQL> ALTER SYSTEM DISABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;

如果你的数据库不能正常关闭，只需要在重启数据库实例之前将下面的参数加到参数文件：
_allow_resetlogs_corruption=TRUE
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU1$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU2$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU3$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU4$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU5$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU6$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU7$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU8$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU9$"
_offline_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU10$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU1$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU2$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU3$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU4$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU5$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU6$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU7$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU8$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU9$"
_corrupted_rollback_segments="_SYSSMU10$"
    rollback_segments的具体值可以从v$rollname中获得。
处理完成后停止数据库实例，去掉以上参数，修改好UNDO相关参数即可正常启动数据库实例，之后再手动处理TEMP表空间丢失的TEMP数据文件。
虽然数据库实例能够正常启动，也恢复了UNDO表空间的使用，但这并不代表不一致的块已经恢复，执行某些查询的时候可能会收到报错，数据库完全恢复正常后应该立即执行一次逻辑备份+物理备份，确保数据库的安全。