表结构
create table record( id int auto_increment primary key, title varchar(255) not null, shortName varchar(255) not null, authorId int not null, createTime datetime not null, state int not null, totalView int default null ); insert into record (title,shortName,authorId,createTime,state,totalView) values (‘hello world 000‘,‘hello-world-0‘,1,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,1,10), (‘hello world 111‘,‘hello-world-1‘,1,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,2,10), (‘hello world 222‘,‘hello-world-2‘,2,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,3,10), (‘hello world 333‘,‘hello-world-3‘,3,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,4,10), (‘hello world 444‘,‘hello-world-4‘,3,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,5,10);
首先关于事务的隔离级别
http://my.oschina.net/xinxingegeya/blog/215419
http://my.oschina.net/xinxingegeya/blog/296513
还有锁的分类,粒度和策略
http://my.oschina.net/xinxingegeya/blog/215417
MySQL的多版本控制MVCC
http://my.oschina.net/xinxingegeya/blog/208821
RC隔离级别下的锁
在READ-COMMITTED隔离级别下,行锁的表现如下,
SessionA
开启事务
mysql> mysql> SELECT @@global.tx_isolation; +-----------------------+ | @@global.tx_isolation | +-----------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED | +-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
SessionB
开启事务
mysql> SELECT @@global.tx_isolation; +-----------------------+ | @@global.tx_isolation | +-----------------------+ | READ-COMMITTED | +-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
SessionA
在Session A中更新id = 1 的纪录,如下,
mysql> update record set title = ‘session a update‘ where id = 1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
更新成功了,接下来在Session B中更新同一个id = 1的纪录,
Session B
mysql> update record set title = ‘session b update‘ where id = 1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
可以看到由于Session A还没有提交,SessionA持有id = 1 的纪录的行锁,所以当Session B更新时没有相应的行锁,所以锁等待超时更新失败。同时也可以看到在当前的事务下可以更新其他的纪录。
mysql> update record set title = ‘session b update‘ where id = 1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> update record set title = ‘session b update‘ where id = 2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
更新id = 2 的纪录成功了。
但要注意的是,我们通过id字段进行更新的,通过id字段选择要更新的数据行,同时id字段是一个主键列,如果在没有索引的字段上查找更新会有怎么样的效果呢?我们来看一下。
Session AA
开启事务,
mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Session BB
开启事务,
mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Sessoin AA
mysql> update record set title = ‘session a update‘ where authorId = 1; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
更新成功。接下来在Session BB中更新authorId = 1 的数据行。按照上面说的情况,authorId列上没有索引,这样会导致锁表,但实际的效果是怎么样的呢?
Session BB
mysql> update record set title = ‘session c update‘ where authorId = 2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> update record set title = ‘session c update‘ where authorId = 1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
可以看到更新authorId = 2 的纪录没有等待锁,也就是其他数据行没有被锁住,而更新authorId = 1 的数据行时却发现锁等待超时(Session AA事务还没有提交)。
我们前面也说了,当更新非索引列时会把整个表锁住,这是怎么回事?
这时因为当通过authorId更新时,mysql存储引擎不知道要锁定哪些数据行,因为authorId上没有索引,所以返回整个表的数据行,同时锁住。然后mysql服务器层进行过滤,同时解锁不符合条件的数据行(调用存储引擎的unlock操作)。
最后提交 Session AA的事务,
mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
然后在Session BB中执行更新,提交,
mysql> update record set title = ‘session c update‘ where authorId = 1; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0 mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
RR隔离级别下的锁
我们来看一下RR隔离级别下的锁,首先我们把authorId列上加上索引。
Session A
开启事务
mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Session B
开启事务
mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Session A
执行以下更新语句
mysql> select * from record; +----+------------------+---------------+----------+---------------------+-------+-----------+ | id | title | shortName | authorId | createTime | state | totalView | +----+------------------+---------------+----------+---------------------+-------+-----------+ | 1 | hello world 000 | hello-world-0 | 1 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 1 | 10 | | 2 | hello world 111 | hello-world-1 | 1 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 2 | 10 | | 3 | hello world 222 | hello-world-2 | 2 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 3 | 10 | | 4 | hello world 333 | hello-world-3 | 3 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 4 | 10 | | 5 | hello world 444 | hello-world-4 | 3 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 5 | 10 | | 6 | session a update | hello-world-0 | 4 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 1 | 10 | | 7 | hello world 666 | hello-world-0 | 5 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 1 | 10 | | 8 | hello world 666 | hello-world-0 | 6 | 2015-10-11 08:08:08 | 1 | 10 | +----+------------------+---------------+----------+---------------------+-------+-----------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> update record set title = ‘session a update‘ where authorId = 4; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0
Session B
执行以下插入语句,
mysql> insert into record (title,shortName,authorId,createTime,state,totalView) values (‘hello world 666‘,‘hello-world-0‘,4,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,6,10); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
可以看到锁等待超时,看一下是等待什么锁,
> select * from INNODB_LOCKS ******************** 1. row ********************* lock_id: 11604:64:4:11 lock_trx_id: 11604 lock_mode: X,GAP lock_type: RECORD lock_table: `test`.`record` lock_index: idx_author_id lock_space: 64 lock_page: 4 lock_rec: 11 lock_data: 5, 7 ******************** 2. row ********************* lock_id: 11603:64:4:11 lock_trx_id: 11603 lock_mode: X,GAP lock_type: RECORD lock_table: `test`.`record` lock_index: idx_author_id lock_space: 64 lock_page: 4 lock_rec: 11 lock_data: 5, 7 2 rows in set
可以看到lock_mode项是 X,GAP。X表示排他锁,GAP间隙锁。
再比如,
mysql> insert into record (title,shortName,authorId,createTime,state,totalView) values (‘hello world 666‘,‘hello-world-0‘,3,‘2015-10-11 08:08:08‘,6,10); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
等待的锁,
> select * from INNODB_LOCKS ******************** 1. row ********************* lock_id: 11604:64:4:10 lock_trx_id: 11604 lock_mode: X,GAP lock_type: RECORD lock_table: `test`.`record` lock_index: idx_author_id lock_space: 64 lock_page: 4 lock_rec: 10 lock_data: 4, 6 ******************** 2. row ********************* lock_id: 11603:64:4:10 lock_trx_id: 11603 lock_mode: X lock_type: RECORD lock_table: `test`.`record` lock_index: idx_author_id lock_space: 64 lock_page: 4 lock_rec: 10 lock_data: 4, 6 2 rows in set
这两个还是稍微有些差别的。
注意:
记录锁:是加在索引记录上的。
间隙锁:对索引记录间的范围加锁,加在最后一个索引记录的前面或者后面
Next-key锁:记录锁和间隙锁的组合,间隙锁锁定记录锁之前的范围
间隙锁主要是防止幻象读,用在Repeated-Read(简称RR)隔离级别下。在Read-Commited(简称RC)下,一般没有间隙锁(有外键情况下例外,此处不考虑)。间隙锁还用于statement based replication
间隙锁有些副作用,如果要关闭,一是将会话隔离级别改到RC下,或者开启 innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog(默认是OFF)。
间隙锁只会出现在辅助索引上,唯一索引和主键索引是没有间隙锁。间隙锁(无论是S还是X)只会阻塞insert操作。
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