静态构造函数（C# 编程指南）

静态构造函数用于初始化任何 静态 数据，或用于执行仅需执行一次的特定操作。在创建第一个实例或引用任何静态成员之前，将自动调用静态构造函数。

C#

class SimpleClass
{
    // Static variable that must be initialized at run time.
    static readonly long baseline;

    // Static constructor is called at most one time, before any
    // instance constructor is invoked or member is accessed.
    static SimpleClass()
    {
        baseline = DateTime.Now.Ticks;
    }
}

静态构造函数具有以下特点：

• 静态构造函数既没有访问修饰符，也没有参数。
• 在创建第一个实例或引用任何静态成员之前，将自动调用静态构造函数来初始化类。
• 无法直接调用静态构造函数。
• 在程序中，用户无法控制何时执行静态构造函数。
• 静态构造函数的典型用途是：当类使用日志文件时，将使用这种构造函数向日志文件中写入项。
• 静态构造函数在为非托管代码创建包装类时也很有用，此时该构造函数可以调用 LoadLibrary 方法。
• 如果静态构造函数引发异常，运行时将不会再次调用该构造函数，并且在程序运行所在的应用程序域的生存期内，类型将保持未初始化。

在此示例中，类 Bus 有一个静态构造函数。创建 Bus 的第一个实例（bus1）时，将调用该静态构造函数来初始化该类。输出示例验证了即使创建 Bus 的两个实例，该静态构造函数也仅运行一次，并且在实例构造函数运行之前运行。

C#

 public class Bus
 {
     // Static variable used by all Bus instances.
     // Represents the time the first bus of the day starts its route.
     protected static readonly DateTime globalStartTime;

     // Property for the number of each bus.
     protected int RouteNumber { get; set; }

     // Static constructor to initialize the static variable.
     // It is invoked before the first instance constructor is run.
     static Bus()
     {
         globalStartTime = DateTime.Now;

         // The following statement produces the first line of output,
         // and the line occurs only once.
         Console.WriteLine("Static constructor sets global start time to {0}",
             globalStartTime.ToLongTimeString());
     }

     // Instance constructor.
     public Bus(int routeNum)
     {
         RouteNumber = routeNum;
         Console.WriteLine("Bus #{0} is created.", RouteNumber);
     }

     // Instance method.
     public void Drive()
     {
         TimeSpan elapsedTime = DateTime.Now - globalStartTime;

         // For demonstration purposes we treat milliseconds as minutes to simulate
         // actual bus times. Do not do this in your actual bus schedule program!
         Console.WriteLine("{0} is starting its route {1:N2} minutes after global start time {2}.",
                                 this.RouteNumber,
                                 elapsedTime.TotalMilliseconds,
                                 globalStartTime.ToShortTimeString());
     }
 }

 class TestBus
 {
     static void Main()
     {
         // The creation of this instance activates the static constructor.
         Bus bus1 = new Bus(71);

         // Create a second bus.
         Bus bus2 = new Bus(72);

         // Send bus1 on its way.
         bus1.Drive();

         // Wait for bus2 to warm up.
         System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(25);

         // Send bus2 on its way.
         bus2.Drive();

         // Keep the console window open in debug mode.
         System.Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
         System.Console.ReadKey();
     }
 }
 /* Sample output:
     Static constructor sets global start time to 3:57:08 PM.
     Bus #71 is created.
     Bus #72 is created.
     71 is starting its route 6.00 minutes after global start time 3:57 PM.
     72 is starting its route 31.00 minutes after global start time 3:57 PM.
*/