"
目录
where 约束
group by 分组查询
聚合函数
having 过滤
order by 查询排序
limit 限制查询的记录数
- # 语法
- select 字段1, 字段2 ... from 表名
- where 条件
- group by field
- having 筛选
- order by field
- limit 限制条数
重点在于关键字的执行优先级:
fromwhere
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit
1. 找到表:from
2. 拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件(表)中取出一条条记录
3. 将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by, 则整体作为一组
4. 将分组的结果进行having过滤
5. 执行select
6. 去重
7. 将结果按条件排序:order by
8. 限制结果的显示条数
- company.employee
- 员工id id int
- 姓名 name varchar
- 性别 sex enum
- 年龄 age int
- 入职日期 hire_date date
- 岗位 post varchar
- 职位描述 post_comment varchar
- 薪水 salary double
- 办公室 office int
- 部门编号 depart_id int
- # 创建员工表
- mysql> create table employee(
- -> id int primary key auto_increment,
- -> name varchar(20) not null,
- -> sex enum(‘male‘, ‘female‘) not null default ‘male‘,
- -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
- -> hire_date date not null,
- -> post varchar(50),
- -> post_comment varchar(100),
- -> salary double(15, 2),
- -> office int,
- -> depart_id int
- -> );
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
- mysql> desc employee;
- +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
- | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
- | sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | NO | | male | |
- | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
- | hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
- | post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
- | post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
- | salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
- | office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- | depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- 10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- # 插入记录
- # 三个部门:教学,销售,运营
- mysql> insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
- -> (‘egon‘,‘male‘,18,‘20170301‘,‘老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使‘,7300.33,401,1),
- -> # 以下是教学部
- -> (‘alex‘,‘male‘,78,‘20150302‘,‘teacher‘,1000000.31,401,1),
- -> (‘wupeiqi‘,‘male‘,81,‘20130305‘,‘teacher‘,8300,401,1),
- -> (‘yuanhao‘,‘male‘,73,‘20140701‘,‘teacher‘,3500,401,1),
- -> (‘liwenzhou‘,‘male‘,28,‘20121101‘,‘teacher‘,2100,401,1),
- -> (‘jingliyang‘,‘female‘,18,‘20110211‘,‘teacher‘,9000,401,1),
- -> (‘jinxin‘,‘male‘,18,‘19000301‘,‘teacher‘,30000,401,1),
- -> (‘xiaomage‘,‘male‘,48,‘20101111‘,‘teacher‘,10000,401,1),
- -> # 以下是销售部
- -> (‘歪歪‘,‘female‘,48,‘20150311‘,‘sale‘,3000.13,402,2),
- -> (‘丫丫‘,‘female‘,38,‘20101101‘,‘sale‘,2000.35,402,2),
- -> (‘丁丁‘,‘female‘,18,‘20110312‘,‘sale‘,1000.37,402,2),
- -> (‘星星‘,‘female‘,18,‘20160513‘,‘sale‘,3000.29,402,2),
- -> (‘格格‘,‘female‘,28,‘20170127‘,‘sale‘,4000.33,402,2),
- -> # 以下是运营部
- -> (‘张野‘,‘male‘,28,‘20160311‘,‘operation‘,10000.13,403,3),
- -> (‘程咬金‘,‘male‘,18,‘19970312‘,‘operation‘,20000,403,3),
- -> (‘程咬银‘,‘female‘,18,‘20130311‘,‘operation‘,19000,403,3),
- -> (‘程咬铜‘,‘male‘,18,‘20150411‘,‘operation‘,18000,403,3),
- -> (‘程咬铁‘,‘female‘,18,‘20140512‘,‘operation‘,17000,403,3)
- -> ;
where 约束
where子句中可以使用:
- 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
- between 80 and 100 # 值在80到100之间
- in(80, 90, 100) # 值是80或90或100
- like ‘z%‘ 或 like ‘zy_‘ # %表示任意多字符,_表示任意一个字符
- and or not # 逻辑运算符,在多个条件可以直接使用逻辑运算符
实测:
- # 单条件查询
- mysql> select id,name from employee where id < 5;
- +----+---------+
- | id | name |
- +----+---------+
- | 1 | egon |
- | 2 | alex |
- | 3 | wupeiqi |
- | 4 | yuanhao |
- +----+---------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- # 多条件查询
- mysql> select name from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and salary>10000;
- +--------+
- | name |
- +--------+
- | alex |
- | jinxin |
- +--------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- # 关键字 between and
- mysql> select name,salary from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000;
- +-----------+----------+
- | name | salary |
- +-----------+----------+
- | xiaomage | 10000.00 |
- | 张野 | 10000.13 |
- | 程咬金 | 20000.00 |
- | 程咬银 | 19000.00 |
- | 程咬铜 | 18000.00 |
- | 程咬铁 | 17000.00 |
- +-----------+----------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- # 注意:‘‘是空字符串,不是null
- mysql> select name,post_comment from employee where post_comment=‘‘;
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- # 执行如下代码后再此查询
- mysql> update employee set post_comment=‘‘ where id=2;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
- mysql> select name,post_comment from employee where post_comment=‘‘;
- +------+--------------+
- | name | post_comment |
- +------+--------------+
- | alex | |
- +------+--------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- # 关键字 in:集合查询
- mysql> select name,salary from employee where salary=3000 or salary=3500 or salary=4000 or salary=9000;
- +------------+---------+
- | name | salary |
- +------------+---------+
- | yuanhao | 3500.00 |
- | jingliyang | 9000.00 |
- +------------+---------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select name, salary from employee where salary in(3000, 3500, 4000, 9000);
- +------------+---------+
- | name | salary |
- +------------+---------+
- | yuanhao | 3500.00 |
- | jingliyang | 9000.00 |
- +------------+---------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select name,salary,post from employee where post=‘operation‘ and (salary not in(10000.13));
- +-----------+----------+-----------+
- | name | salary | post |
- +-----------+----------+-----------+
- | 程咬金 | 20000.00 | operation |
- | 程咬银 | 19000.00 | operation |
- | 程咬铜 | 18000.00 | operation |
- | 程咬铁 | 17000.00 | operation |
- +-----------+----------+-----------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- # 关键字 link:模糊查询
- # 通配符"%":任意多字符
- mysql> select * from employee where name like ‘程咬%‘;
- +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
- +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- | 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |
- | 16 | 程咬银 | female | 18 | 2013-03-11 | operation | NULL | 19000.00 | 403 | 3 |
- | 17 | 程咬铜 | male | 18 | 2015-04-11 | operation | NULL | 18000.00 | 403 | 3 |
- | 18 | 程咬铁 | female | 18 | 2014-05-12 | operation | NULL | 17000.00 | 403 | 3 |
- +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- 4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- # 通配符"_":任意单字符
- mysql> select * from employee where name like ‘ale_‘;
- +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
- +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
- +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- # 其它查询
- 1.查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
- select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
- 2. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
- select name,age,salary from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and salary not in(10000, 9000, 30000);
- 3. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
- select name,salary*12 from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and name like ‘jin%‘;
group by 分组查询
1. 首先声明一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的.
2. 分组:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别分组等.
3. 为何要分组呢?
取每个部门的最高工资
取每个部门的员工数
取男人数和女人数
小窍门:"每" 这个后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
4. 大前提
可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数.
- # 需要设置查询模式:only_full_group_by,如果没有设置,查询的结果默认是组内的第一条记录,没有任何意义
- # 如果想分组,必须要设置全局的sql的模式为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
- mysql> set global sql_mode=‘ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY‘;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- # 查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
- mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
- +--------------------+
- | @@global.sql_mode |
- +--------------------+
- | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
- +--------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- # 设置成功后,一定要退出,然后重新登录方可生效
- mysql> exit;
- Bye
- # 简单示例:根据部门进行分组查询:
- mysql> select post from employee group by post;
- +-----------------------------------------+
- | post |
- +-----------------------------------------+
- | operation |
- | sale |
- | teacher |
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |
- +-----------------------------------------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
group by分组之后,只能查看当前字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数.
聚合函数
- max() # 求最大值
- min() # 求最小值
- avg() # 求平均值
- sum() # 求和
- count() # 求总个数
- group_concat(字段名) # 拼接
强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组.
- # 查每个部门有多少个员工
- select post,count(1) from employee group by post; # count(1):"1"的课换成"*"或字段名,好像是新版本上"1"跟"*"的速度基本无差异,
- # 查每个部门的平均薪水
- select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
- # 查岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
- select post,group_concat(name) as name from employee group by post; # as name:重命名显示的字段名
- # 查公司内男员工和女员工的个数
- select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
- # 查岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
- select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
- # 查男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
- select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
having 过滤
- 执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having
- where发生在分组group by之前,因而where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数
- having发生在分组group by之后,因而having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其它字段,可使用聚合函数
- mysql> select * from employee having salary>100000; # 可能老版本不能直接使用此语法
- +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
- +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
- +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- 1 row in set (0.04 sec)
- # 住:必须使用group by才能使用group_concat()函数
- # 错误,分组后无法直接取到组外的字段
- mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 1000000;
- ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column ‘salary‘ in ‘having clause‘
- # 示例
- 1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
- select post,group_concat(name),count(1) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
- 2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
- select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000;
- 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
- select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 and avg(salary)<20000;
order by 查询排序
按单列排序:
- select * from employee order by age; # 默认升序,根据age升序
- select * from employee order by age asc; # asc 升序
- select * from employee order by age desc; # desc 降序
按多列排序:
示例:先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序
select * from employee order by age asc, id desc;
limit 限制查询的记录数
- # 示例
- 1. 查询前三行记录
- select * from employee limit 3;
- 2. 从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
- select * from employee order by salary desc limit 0, 5;
- 3. 从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
- select * from employee order by salary desc limit 5, 5;
- 4. 从偏移5开始,往后取10条数据
- limit 10 offset 5
"
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zyk01/p/11375938.html
时间: 2024-11-10 12:16:55