https://www.pythonprogramming.net/part-of-speech-tagging-nltk-tutorial/?completed=/stemming-nltk-tutorial/
One of the more powerful aspects of the NLTK module is the Part of Speech tagging that it can do for you. This means labeling words in a sentence as nouns, adjectives, verbs...etc. Even more impressive, it also labels by tense, and more. Here‘s a list of the tags, what they mean, and some examples:
POS tag list: CC coordinating conjunction CD cardinal digit DT determiner EX existential there (like: "there is" ... think of it like "there exists") FW foreign word IN preposition/subordinating conjunction JJ adjective ‘big‘ JJR adjective, comparative ‘bigger‘ JJS adjective, superlative ‘biggest‘ LS list marker 1) MD modal could, will NN noun, singular ‘desk‘ NNS noun plural ‘desks‘ NNP proper noun, singular ‘Harrison‘ NNPS proper noun, plural ‘Americans‘ PDT predeterminer ‘all the kids‘ POS possessive ending parent‘s PRP personal pronoun I, he, she PRP$ possessive pronoun my, his, hers RB adverb very, silently, RBR adverb, comparative better RBS adverb, superlative best RP particle give up TO to go ‘to‘ the store. UH interjection errrrrrrrm VB verb, base form take VBD verb, past tense took VBG verb, gerund/present participle taking VBN verb, past participle taken VBP verb, sing. present, non-3d take VBZ verb, 3rd person sing. present takes WDT wh-determiner which WP wh-pronoun who, what WP$ possessive wh-pronoun whose WRB wh-abverb where, when
How might we use this? While we‘re at it, we‘re going to cover a new sentence tokenizer, called the PunktSentenceTokenizer. This tokenizer is capable of unsupervised machine learning, so you can actually train it on any body of text that you use. First, let‘s get some imports out of the way that we‘re going to use:
import nltk from nltk.corpus import state_union from nltk.tokenize import PunktSentenceTokenizer
Now, let‘s create our training and testing data:
train_text = state_union.raw("2005-GWBush.txt")
sample_text = state_union.raw("2006-GWBush.txt")
One is a State of the Union address from 2005, and the other is from 2006 from past President George W. Bush.
Next, we can train the Punkt tokenizer like:
custom_sent_tokenizer = PunktSentenceTokenizer(train_text)
Then we can actually tokenize, using:
tokenized = custom_sent_tokenizer.tokenize(sample_text)
Now we can finish up this part of speech tagging script by creating a function that will run through and tag all of the parts of speech per sentence like so:
def process_content():
try:
for i in tokenized[:5]:
words = nltk.word_tokenize(i)
tagged = nltk.pos_tag(words)
print(tagged)
except Exception as e:
print(str(e))
process_content()
The output should be a list of tuples, where the first element in the tuple is the word, and the second is the part of speech tag. It should look like:
[(‘PRESIDENT‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘GEORGE‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘W.‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘BUSH‘, ‘NNP‘), ("‘S", ‘POS‘), (‘ADDRESS‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘BEFORE‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘A‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘JOINT‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘SESSION‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘OF‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘THE‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘CONGRESS‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘ON‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘THE‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘STATE‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘OF‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘THE‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘UNION‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘January‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘31‘, ‘CD‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘2006‘, ‘CD‘), (‘THE‘, ‘DT‘), (‘PRESIDENT‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘:‘, ‘:‘), (‘Thank‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘you‘, ‘PRP‘), (‘all‘, ‘DT‘), (‘.‘, ‘.‘)] [(‘Mr.‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘Speaker‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘Vice‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘President‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘Cheney‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘members‘, ‘NNS‘), (‘of‘, ‘IN‘), (‘Congress‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘members‘, ‘NNS‘), (‘of‘, ‘IN‘), (‘the‘, ‘DT‘), (‘Supreme‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘Court‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘and‘, ‘CC‘), (‘diplomatic‘, ‘JJ‘), (‘corps‘, ‘NNS‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘distinguished‘, ‘VBD‘), (‘guests‘, ‘NNS‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘and‘, ‘CC‘), (‘fellow‘, ‘JJ‘), (‘citizens‘, ‘NNS‘), (‘:‘, ‘:‘), (‘Today‘, ‘NN‘), (‘our‘, ‘PRP$‘), (‘nation‘, ‘NN‘), (‘lost‘, ‘VBD‘), (‘a‘, ‘DT‘), (‘beloved‘, ‘VBN‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘graceful‘, ‘JJ‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘courageous‘, ‘JJ‘), (‘woman‘, ‘NN‘), (‘who‘, ‘WP‘), (‘called‘, ‘VBN‘), (‘America‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘to‘, ‘TO‘), (‘its‘, ‘PRP$‘), (‘founding‘, ‘NN‘), (‘ideals‘, ‘NNS‘), (‘and‘, ‘CC‘), (‘carried‘, ‘VBD‘), (‘on‘, ‘IN‘), (‘a‘, ‘DT‘), (‘noble‘, ‘JJ‘), (‘dream‘, ‘NN‘), (‘.‘, ‘.‘)] [(‘Tonight‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘we‘, ‘PRP‘), (‘are‘, ‘VBP‘), (‘comforted‘, ‘VBN‘), (‘by‘, ‘IN‘), (‘the‘, ‘DT‘), (‘hope‘, ‘NN‘), (‘of‘, ‘IN‘), (‘a‘, ‘DT‘), (‘glad‘, ‘NN‘), (‘reunion‘, ‘NN‘), (‘with‘, ‘IN‘), (‘the‘, ‘DT‘), (‘husband‘, ‘NN‘), (‘who‘, ‘WP‘), (‘was‘, ‘VBD‘), (‘taken‘, ‘VBN‘), (‘so‘, ‘RB‘), (‘long‘, ‘RB‘), (‘ago‘, ‘RB‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘and‘, ‘CC‘), (‘we‘, ‘PRP‘), (‘are‘, ‘VBP‘), (‘grateful‘, ‘JJ‘), (‘for‘, ‘IN‘), (‘the‘, ‘DT‘), (‘good‘, ‘NN‘), (‘life‘, ‘NN‘), (‘of‘, ‘IN‘), (‘Coretta‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘Scott‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘King‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘.‘, ‘.‘)] [(‘(‘, ‘NN‘), (‘Applause‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘.‘, ‘.‘), (‘)‘, ‘:‘)] [(‘President‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘George‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘W.‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘Bush‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘reacts‘, ‘VBZ‘), (‘to‘, ‘TO‘), (‘applause‘, ‘VB‘), (‘during‘, ‘IN‘), (‘his‘, ‘PRP$‘), (‘State‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘of‘, ‘IN‘), (‘the‘, ‘DT‘), (‘Union‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘Address‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘at‘, ‘IN‘), (‘the‘, ‘DT‘), (‘Capitol‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘Tuesday‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘,‘, ‘,‘), (‘Jan‘, ‘NNP‘), (‘.‘, ‘.‘)]
At this point, we can begin to derive meaning, but there is still some work to do. The next topic that we‘re going to cover is chunking, which is where we group words, based on their parts of speech, into hopefully meaningful groups.