函数
函数的定义、参数、返回值
func sayHello(personName: String) -> String {
let greeting = "Hello, " + personName + "!"
return greeting
}
可以省略参数和返回值
func sayGoodbye(personName: String) {
println("Goodbye, \(personName)!")
}
也可以包含多个参数和多个返回值
func count(string1: String, string2: String) -> (vowels: Int, consonants: Int, others: Int) {
var vowels = 0, consonants = 0, others = 0
for character in string1 {
switch String(character).lowercaseString {
case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
++vowels
case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
"n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
++consonants
default:
++others
}
}
return (vowels, consonants, others)
}
多重返回值返回的是一个元祖,没有返回值时其实返回的是Void,一个空的元祖
参数名
参数名一般只能函数内部使用,但为了使语言表达更清晰,可以定义外部参数名,使用这些外部参数名使代码更易阅读
func join(string s1: String, toString s2: String, withJoiner joiner: String) -> String {
return s1 + joiner + s2
}
join(string: "hello", toString: "world", withJoiner: ", ")
外部名可以与内部名保持一致
func containsCharacter(#string: String, #characterToFind: Character) -> Bool {
for character in string {
if character == characterToFind {
return true
}
}
return false
}
let containsAVee = containsCharacter(string: "aardvark", characterToFind: "v")
函数参数可以提供默认值
func join(string s1: String, toString s2: String, withJoiner joiner: String = " ") -> String {
return s1 + joiner + s2
}
join(string: "hello", toString:"world")
// returns "hello world"
join(string: "hello", toString: "world", withJoiner: "-")
// returns "hello-world"
对提供了默认值的参数,参数名自动表示为内部名和外部名
输入输出参数inout
,表示参数可以被函数体修改,并保留给外部继续使用
func swapTwoInts(inout a: Int, inout b: Int) {
let temporaryA = a
a = b
b = temporaryA
}
调用时需要在参数前加&
var someInt = 3
var anotherInt = 107
swapTwoInts(&someInt, &anotherInt)
函数类型
函数类型由参数类型和返回值类型共同决定,类似c语言的函数指针
func addTwoInts(a: Int, b: Int) -> Int {
return a + b
}
func multiplyTwoInts(a: Int, b: Int) -> Int {
return a * b
}
var mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int = addTwoInts
println("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
mathFunction = multiplyTwoInts
println("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
函数类型与其他类型一样,可以做参数,也可以做返回值
func stepForward(input: Int) -> Int {
return input + 1
}
func stepBackward(input: Int) -> Int {
return input - 1
}
func chooseStepFunction(backwards: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
return backwards ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
var currentValue = 3
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(currentValue > 0)
函数可以嵌套
func chooseStepFunction(backwards: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
func stepForward(input: Int) -> Int { return input + 1 }
func stepBackward(input: Int) -> Int { return input - 1 }
return backwards ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
闭包
闭包特性应用在嵌套函数和闭包表达式中,是一种函数式编程特性
闭包表达式
一般形式如下
{ (parameters) -> returnType in
statements
}
例如
reversed = sorted(names, { (s1: String, s2: String) -> Bool in
return s1 > s2
})
// 闭包可以类型推断,所以可以简化为
reversed = sorted(names, { s1, s2 in return s1 > s2 } )
// 单行表达式可以省略返回的return
reversed = sorted(names, { s1, s2 in s1 > s2 } )
// 还可以缩写参数
reversed = sorted(names, { $0 > $1 } )
如果闭包函数很长,为了增强可读性,可以讲闭包函数放到()外边紧跟函数调用,
func someFunctionThatTakesAClosure(closure: () -> ()) {
// 函数体部分
}
// 以下是使用尾随闭包进行函数调用
someFunctionThatTakesAClosure() {
// 闭包主体部分
}
捕获值
闭包可以在其定义的上下文中捕获常量或变量。 即使定义这些常量和变量的原域已经不存在,闭包仍然可以在闭包函数体内引用和修改这些值。
func makeIncrementor(forIncrement amount: Int) -> () -> Int {
var runningTotal = 0
func incrementor() -> Int {
runningTotal += amount
return runningTotal
}
return incrementor
}
let incrementByTen = makeIncrementor(forIncrement: 10)
incrementByTen()
// 返回的值为10
incrementByTen()
// 返回的值为20
incrementByTen()
// 返回的值为30
时间: 2024-11-03 06:42:36