本章需要熟练掌握如下几个函数fork,exec族,_exit,wait,waitpid
1 进程标识符
#include <unistd.h>
pid_t getpid(void);
Returns: process ID of calling process
pid_t getppid(void);
Returns: parent process ID of calling process
uid_t getuid(void);
Returns: real user ID of calling process
uid_t geteuid(void);
Returns: effective user ID of calling process
gid_t getgid(void);
Returns: real group ID of calling process
gid_t getegid(void);
Returns: effective group ID of calling process
2 fork函数
#include <unistd.h>
pid_t fork(void);
Returns: 0 in child, process ID of child in parent, 1 on error
Fork函数执行一次但返回两次。父进程的返回值是子进程的进程ID,子进程的返回值是0(并不代表子进程的进程ID是0)
子进程和父进程并不共享存储空间,仅是父进程的副本。
父子进程调用顺序不确定
#include "apue.h"
int glob = 6; /* external variable in initialized data */
char buf[] = "a write to stdout\n";
Int main(void)
{
int var; /* automatic variable on the stack */
pid_t pid;
var = 88;
if (write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf)-1) != sizeof(buf)-1)
err_sys("write error");
printf("before fork\n"); /* we don‘t flush stdout */
if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
err_sys("fork error");
} else if (pid == 0) { /* child */
glob++; /* modify variables */
var++;
} else {
sleep(2); /* parent */
}
printf("pid = %d, glob = %d, var = %d\n", getpid(), glob, var);
exit(0);
}
3 vfork函数
#include "apue.h"
int glob = 6; /* external variable in initialized data */
Int main(void)
{
int var; /* automatic variable on the stack */
pid_t pid;
var = 88;
printf("before vfork\n"); /* we don‘t flush stdio */
if ((pid = vfork()) < 0) {
err_sys("vfork error");
} else if (pid == 0) { /* child */
glob++; /* modify parent‘s variables */
var++;
_exit(0); /* child terminates */
}
/*
* Parent continues here.
*/
printf("pid = %d, glob = %d, var = %d\n", getpid(), glob, var);
exit(0);
}
和fork的两个区别:
1.子进程在调用exec之前在父进程空间中运行,共享内存
2.保证子进程先运行,内核使父进程休眠,所以不用sleep函数
exit和_exit就是用来正常终止一个进程的,主要区别是_exit会立刻进入内核,而exit先执行一些清除工作(包括执行各种终止处理程序,关闭所有标准I/O等,一旦关闭了IO,例如Printf等函数就不会输出任何东西了),然后才进入内核。这两个函数会对父子进程有一定的影响,当用vfork创建子进程时,子进程会先在父进程的地址空间运行(这跟fork不一样),如果子进程调用了exit就会把父进程的IO给关掉。
接下来我们可以做个小测试,将vfork改成fork,预估glob=6,var=88.因为子进程修改的是副本
4 wait和waitpid函数
#include <sys/wait.h>
pid_t wait(int *statloc);
pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *statloc, int options);
成功返回进程ID,出错返回-1
当一个进程正常终止时,内核就向父进程发送SIGCHLD信号。因为子进程终止是个异步事件,所以发送的也是异步信号。
对于调用了Wait和waitpid的进程会发生如下情况:
(1)子进程还在运行,则阻塞
(2)如果子进程已终止,正在等待父进程获取其终止状态,则取得该进程的终止状态并立即返回
(3)如果没有子进程,则立即出错返回
两者区别:
1.子进程终止前,wait使其调用者阻塞,而waitpid有一个选项,可使调用者不阻塞
2.Waitpid有若干选项,可以控制它所等待的进程
#include "apue.h"
#include <sys/wait.h>
Int main(void)
{
pid_t pid;
int status;
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
err_sys("fork error");
else if (pid == 0) /* child */
exit(7);
if (wait(&status) != pid) /* wait for child */子进程终止
err_sys("wait error");
pr_exit(status); /* and print its status */
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
err_sys("fork error");
else if (pid == 0) /* child */
abort(); /* generates SIGABRT */
if (wait(&status) != pid) /* wait for child */
err_sys("wait error");
pr_exit(status); /* and print its status */
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
err_sys("fork error");
else if (pid == 0) /* child */
status /= 0; /* divide by 0 generates SIGFPE */
if (wait(&status) != pid) /* wait for child */
err_sys("wait error");
pr_exit(status); /* and print its status */
exit(0);
}
//修改代码。输出status的同时也让其输出pid。pr_exit(status)改成printf(“%d %d\n”, status, pid);
调用fork两次来避免僵死进程
#include "apue.h"
#include <sys/wait.h>
Int main(void)
{
pid_t pid;
if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
err_sys("fork error");
} else if (pid == 0) { /* first child */
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
err_sys("fork error");
else if (pid > 0)
exit(0); /* parent from second fork == first child */
/*
* We‘re the second child; our parent becomes init as soon
* as our real parent calls exit() in the statement above.
* Here‘s where we‘d continue executing, knowing that when
* we‘re done, init will reap our status.
*/
sleep(2);//保证父进程先执行
printf("second child, parent pid = %d\n", getppid());
exit(0);
}
if (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) != pid) /* wait for first child */
err_sys("waitpid error");
/*
* We‘re the parent (the original process); we continue executing,
* knowing that we‘re not the parent of the second child.
*/
exit(0);
}
第二个子进程调用sleep保证在打印父进程ID时第一个子进程已终止。如果没有sleep,它可能比父进程先执行,那么返回的ID将会是父进程ID。,而不是init进程(值为1)。
运行程序得到
$ ./a.out
$ second child, parent pid = 1
5 exec函数
当进程调用exec函数时,该进程的程序完全替换为新程序,而新程序从main函数开始执行。调用exec并不创建新进程,所以前后的进程ID并未改变。
Fork创建新进程,exec执行新程序,exit和两个wait函数处理终止和等待终止
#include <unistd.h>
int execl(const char *pathname, const char *arg0, ... /* (char *)0 */ );
int execv(const char *pathname, char *const argv []);
int execle(const char *pathname, const char *arg0, .../* (char *)0, char *const envp[] */ );
int execve(const char *pathname, char *const argv[], char *const envp []);
int execlp(const char *filename, const char *arg0, ... /* (char *)0 */ );
int execvp(const char *filename, char *const argv []);
#include "apue.h"
#include <sys/wait.h>
char *env_init[] = { "USER=unknown", "PATH=/tmp", NULL };
int main(void)
{
pid_t pid;
if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
err_sys("fork error");
} else if (pid == 0) { /* specify pathname, specify environment */
if (execle("/home/sar/bin/echoall", "echoall", "myarg1", "MY ARG2", (char *)0, env_init) < 0)
err_sys("execle error");
}
if (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) < 0)
err_sys("wait error");
if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
err_sys("fork error");
} else if (pid == 0) { /* specify filename, inherit environment */
if (execlp("echoall", "echoall", "only 1 arg", (char *)0) < 0)
err_sys("execlp error");
}
exit(0);
}
在该程序中先调用execle,它要求一个路径名和一个特定的环境。下一个调用的是execlp,它用一个文件名将环境传送给新程序。