ps: 红字字体为重要部分, 仔细看
一、shell特性
1. history查看命令历史记录,默认记录1000条;
[[email protected] ~]# history 1 vim /etc/hosts 2 ifconfig 3 cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg- 4 cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 5 ifconfig eth0 up ……………………/省略 [[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/profile #可自定义history历史命令记录;
2. ！！执行上条命令;
[[email protected] ~]# !! 1 vim /etc/hosts 2 ifconfig 3 cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg- 4 cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 5 ifconfig eth0 up ……………………/省略
3. ！$表示上条命令最后一个参数;
[[email protected] ~]# ls 1.txt 1.txt [[email protected] ~]# ls !$ ls 1.txt 1.txt
4. alias别名;
[[email protected] ~]# alias a="ls" #创建别名; [[email protected] ~]# a 1.tar 1.txt 2.txt anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog [[email protected] ~]# unalias a #取消别名; [[email protected] ~]# a -bash: a: command not found
5. shell中的字符;
*: 表示可以匹配零个或多个字符;
?: 可以匹配一个任意字符;
#: 表示注释;
$: 用来标记一个变量;
~: 表示家目录;
&: 把一条可执行命令放入后台执行;
[]: 表示里面的括号选一个;
6. 重定向(输出)、追加、输入、错误重定向、错误追加;
[[email protected] ~]# ls [123].txt > error.log
[[email protected] ~]# cat 2.txt >> error.log
[[email protected] ~]# cat < 2.txt
[[email protected] ~]# lasdasd 2> error_2.log
[[email protected] ~]# ndiasndias 2>> error_2.log
7. 作业控制;
[[email protected] ~]# sleep 100 #按Crtl+z放到后台执行; [[email protected] ~]# sleep 200 #按Crtl+z放到后台执行; [[email protected] ~]# sleep 300 #按Crtl+z放到后台执行; [[email protected] ~]# jobs #查看后台执行作业;
[[email protected] ~]# fg 1 #将作业调回到前台执行;
二、变量
1. 自定义变量;
[[email protected] ~]# a=c [[email protected] ~]# set | grep -n ^a #set可以把所有变量列出来; 55:a=c [[email protected] ~]# env | grep ^a #env可以列出的当前用户的所有环境变量; [[email protected] ~]# export a=AAAA #export引入全局变量; [[email protected] ~]# bash [[email protected] ~]# echo $a AAAA [[email protected] ~]# env | grep -n ^a 12:a=AAAA [[email protected] ~]# exit exit [[email protected] ~]# echo $a AAAA
[[email protected] ~]# bash #取消一个自定义变量; [[email protected] ~]# unset a [[email protected] ~]# env | grep ^a
2. 自定义变量中间如果带有空格, 需用引号;
[[email protected] ~]# a=aming Linux -bash: Linux: command not found [[email protected] ~]# a=‘aming Linux‘ [[email protected] ~]# echo $a aming Linux [[email protected] ~]# b=`echo $a` #` `引用里面的值赋值给b; [[email protected] ~]# echo $b aming Linux [[email protected] ~]# b=‘echo $a‘ #‘ ‘只打印出里面的参数; [[email protected] ~]# echo $b echo $a [[email protected] ~]# b="echo $a" #" "引用里面的值并打印; [[email protected] ~]# echo $b echo aming Linux
3. 合并变量;
[[email protected] ~]# a=2 [[email protected] ~]# b=1 [[email protected] ~]# c=$a‘$b‘ [[email protected] ~]# echo $c 2$b [[email protected]hell ~]# c=$a"$b" [[email protected] ~]# echo $c 21 [[email protected] ~]# c=$a`$b` -bash: 1: command not found
4. 系统变量和用户变量;
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/profile [[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/bashrc [[email protected] ~]# cat .bash_profile [[email protected] ~]# cat .bashrc [[email protected] ~]# echo ‘echo "bashrc"‘ >> .bashrc [[email protected] ~]# echo ‘echo "profile"‘ >> .bash_profile [[email protected] ~]# bash bashrc [[email protected] ~]# su - bashrc profile
总结:
/etc/profile和/etc/bashrc属于全局配置.
$HOME/bashrc和$HOME/bash_profile属于用户配置.
一组对所有用户生效, 一组对当前用户生效.
三、Shell常用命令
1. cut分割
-d: 指定分隔符;
-f: 打印第几段;
-c: 指定截取字符;
以‘:‘为分隔符, 打印/etc/passwd第一段到三段的字符; [[email protected] ~]# cut -d ‘:‘ -f 1-3 /etc/passwd | head -3 root:x:0 bin:x:1 daemon:x:2 截取/etc/passwd的第一个字符到第五个字符; [[email protected] ~]# cut -c 1-5 /etc/passwd | head -3 root: bin:x daemo
2. sort排序
-t: 指定分隔符;
-k: 对第几列排序;
-n: 以数字排序(默认从小到大);
-r: 反向排序,结合-n使用;
-u: 去掉重复行;
以‘:‘为分隔符, 以从小到大数字排序/etc/passwd的第三段字符; [[email protected] ~]# sort -t ‘:‘ -k3 -n /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin ……………………/省略 以‘:‘为分隔符, 以从大到小数字排序/etc/passwd的第三段字符; [[email protected] ~]# sort -t ‘:‘ -k 3 -nr /etc/passwd user1:x:500:500::/home/user1:/bin/bash saslauth:x:499:76:"Saslauthd user":/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin dhcpd:x:177:177:DHCP server:/:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
3. uniq去重行
-c: 去重行;
[[email protected] ~]# cat 2.txt 222 222 333 222 333 111 222 [[email protected] ~]# uniq -c 2.txt 2 222 1 333 1 222 1 333 1 111 1 222
4. wc统计行数、字符数、词数
-l: 统计行数;
-m: 统计字符数;
-w: 统计词数;
[[email protected] ~]# wc 2.txt 7 7 28 2.txt [[email protected] ~]# wc -l 2.txt 7 2.txt [[email protected] ~]# wc -m 2.txt 28 2.txt [[email protected] ~]# wc -w 2.txt 7 2.txt
5. tr替换字符
[[email protected] ~]# ls | tr ‘1-9‘ ‘A-Z‘ #将数字1-9替换为A-Z;
6. split切割文件
-b: 按文件大小分割;
-l : 按行数分割;
[[email protected] ~]# du -sh 1.txt 160K 1.txt [[email protected] ~]# split -l 20 1.txt
[[email protected] ~]# ls x* | xargs -i mv {} {}.txt #将x*改为x*.txt
[[email protected] ~]# split -l 20 1.txt log #自定义分割完后的名字;
7. &&、||、;;
&&: 前面命令执行成功后执行后面命令;
[[email protected] ~]# ls 1.txt && cd /root 1.txt [[email protected] ~]# ls aaaa.txt && cd /home ls: cannot access aaaa.txt: No such file or directory ||: 前面命令执行不成功执行后面; [[email protected] home]# ls aaaa.txt || cd /root/ ls: cannot access aaaa.txt: No such file or directory ;: 前面命令是否执行完成都会执行后面命令; [[email protected] ~]# ss ; cd /tmp
时间： 2024-09-30 22:04:42