Spark SQL是处理结构化数据的Spark模块。它提供了DataFrames这样的编程抽象。同一时候也能够作为分布式SQL查询引擎使用。
DataFrames
DataFrame是一个带有列名的分布式数据集合。等同于一张关系型数据库中的表或者R/Python中的data frame,只是在底层做了非常多优化;我们能够使用结构化数据文件、Hive tables,外部数据库或者RDDS来构造DataFrames。
1. 開始入口:
入口须要从SQLContext类或者它的子类開始,当然须要使用SparkContext创建SQLContext;这里我们使用pyspark(已经自带了SQLContext即sc):
from pyspark.sql import SQLContext
sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
还能够使用HiveContext,它能够提供比SQLContext很多其它的功能。比如能够使用更完整的HiveQL解析器写查询,使用Hive UDFs。从Hive表中读取数据等。
使用HiveContext并不须要安装hive,Spark默认将HiveContext单独打包避免对hive过多的依赖
2.创建DataFrames
使用JSON文件创建:
from pyspark.sql import SQLContext
sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
df = sqlContext.read.json("examples/src/main/resources/people.json")
# Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout
df.show()
注意:
这里你可能须要将文件存入HDFS(这里的文件在Spark安装文件夹中,1.4版本号)
hadoop fs -mkdir examples/src/main/resources/
hadoop fs -put /appcom/spark/examples/src/main/resources/* /user/hdpuser/examples/src/main/resources/
3.DataFrame操作
from pyspark.sql import SQLContext
sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
# Create the DataFrame
df = sqlContext.read.json("examples/src/main/resources/people.json")
# Show the content of the DataFrame
df.show()
## age name
## null Michael
## 30 Andy
## 19 Justin
# Print the schema in a tree format
df.printSchema()
## root
## |-- age: long (nullable = true)
## |-- name: string (nullable = true)
# Select only the "name" column
df.select("name").show()
## name
## Michael
## Andy
## Justin
# Select everybody, but increment the age by 1
df.select(df[‘name‘], df[‘age‘] + 1).show()
## name (age + 1)
## Michael null
## Andy 31
## Justin 20
# Select people older than 21
df.filter(df[‘age‘] > 21).show()
## age name
## 30 Andy
# Count people by age
df.groupBy("age").count().show()
## age count
## null 1
## 19 1
## 30 1
4.使用编程执行SQL查询
SQLContext能够使用编程执行SQL查询并返回DataFrame。
from pyspark.sql import SQLContext
sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
df = sqlContext.sql("SELECT * FROM table")
5.和RDD交互
将RDD转换成DataFrames有两种方法:
- 利用反射来判断包括特定类型对象的RDD的schema。这样的方法会简化代码而且在你已经知道schema的时候非常适用。
- 使用编程接口。构造一个schema并将其应用在已知的RDD上。
一、利用反射判断Schema
Spark SQL能够将含Row对象的RDD转换成DataFrame。并判断数据类型。通过将一个键值对(key/value)列表作为kwargs传给Row类来构造Rows。
key定义了表的列名,类型通过看第一列数据来判断。
(所以这里RDD的第一列数据不能有缺失)未来版本号中将会通过看很多其它数据来判断数据类型。像如今对JSON文件的处理一样。
# sc is an existing SparkContext.
from pyspark.sql import SQLContext, Row
sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
# Load a text file and convert each line to a Row.
lines = sc.textFile("examples/src/main/resources/people.txt")
parts = lines.map(lambda l: l.split(","))
people = parts.map(lambda p: Row(name=p[0], age=int(p[1])))
# Infer the schema, and register the DataFrame as a table.
schemaPeople = sqlContext.createDataFrame(people)
schemaPeople.registerTempTable("people")
# SQL can be run over DataFrames that have been registered as a table.
teenagers = sqlContext.sql("SELECT name FROM people WHERE age >= 13 AND age <= 19")
# The results of SQL queries are RDDs and support all the normal RDD operations.
teenNames = teenagers.map(lambda p: "Name: " + p.name)
for teenName in teenNames.collect():
print teenName
二、编程指定Schema
通过编程指定Schema须要3步:
- 从原来的RDD创建一个元祖或列表的RDD。
- 用StructType 创建一个和步骤一中创建的RDD中元祖或列表的结构相匹配的Schema。
- 通过SQLContext提供的createDataFrame方法将schema 应用到RDD上。
# Import SQLContext and data types
from pyspark.sql import SQLContext
from pyspark.sql.types import *
# sc is an existing SparkContext.
sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
# Load a text file and convert each line to a tuple.
lines = sc.textFile("examples/src/main/resources/people.txt")
parts = lines.map(lambda l: l.split(","))
people = parts.map(lambda p: (p[0], p[1].strip()))
# The schema is encoded in a string.
schemaString = "name age"
fields = [StructField(field_name, StringType(), True) for field_name in schemaString.split()]
schema = StructType(fields)
# Apply the schema to the RDD.
schemaPeople = sqlContext.createDataFrame(people, schema)
# Register the DataFrame as a table.
schemaPeople.registerTempTable("people")
# SQL can be run over DataFrames that have been registered as a table.
results = sqlContext.sql("SELECT name FROM people")
# The results of SQL queries are RDDs and support all the normal RDD operations.
names = results.map(lambda p: "Name: " + p.name)
for name in names.collect():
print name